Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry – 2011 Edition 1
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
•
THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
•
ALBANY, NY 12234
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/CHEMISTRY
2011 Edition
Table A
Standard Temperature and Pressure
Table B
Physical Constants for Water
Table C
Selected Prefixes
Table D
Selected Units
Name Value Unit
Standard Pressure 101.3 kPa kilopascal
1 atm atmosphere
Standard Temperature 273 K kelvin
0°C degree Celsius
Heat of Fusion 334 J/g
Heat of Vaporization 2260 J/g
Specific Heat Capacity of H
2
O(ᐍ) 4.18 J/g•K
Factor Prefix Symbol
10
3
kilo- k
10
–1
deci- d
10
–2
centi- c
10
–3
milli- m
10
–6
micro- μ
10
–9
nano- n
10
–12
pico- p
Symbol Name Quantity
m meter length
ggram mass
Pa pascal pressure
K kelvin temperature
mol mole
amount of
substance
Jjoule
energy, work,
quantity of heat
s second time
min minute time
h hour time
d day time
y year time
L liter volume
ppm parts per million concentration
M molarity
solution
concentration
u atomic mass unit atomic mass
C
Ions That Form
Soluble Compounds Exceptions
Group 1 ions
(Li
+
, Na
+
, etc.)
ammonium (NH
4
+
)
nitrate (NO
3
–
)
acetate (C
2
H
3
O
2
–
or
CH
3
COO
–
)
hydrogen carbonate
(HCO
3
–
)
chlorate (ClO
3
–
)
halides (Cl
–
, Br
–
, I
–
) when combined with
Ag
+
, Pb
2+
, or Hg
2
2+
sulfates (SO
4
2–
) when combined with Ag
+
,
Ca
2+
, Sr
2+
, Ba
2+
, or Pb
2+
Ions That Form
Insoluble Compounds* Exceptions
carbonate (CO
3
2–
) when combined with Group 1
ions or ammonium (NH
4
+
)
chromate (CrO
4
2–
) when combined with Group 1
ions, Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, or
ammonium (NH
4
+
)
phosphate (PO
4
3–
) when combined with Group 1
ions or ammonium (NH
4
+
)
sulfide (S
2–
) when combined with Group 1
ions or ammonium (NH
4
+
)
hydroxide (OH
–
) when combined with Group 1
ions, Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
, Sr
2+
, or
ammonium (NH
4
+
)
*compounds having very low solubility in H
2
O
Formula Name Formula Name
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry – 2011 Edition 2
Table F
Solubility Guidelines for Aqueous Solutions
Table E
Selected Polyatomic Ions
H
3
O
+
hydronium
Hg
2
2+
mercury(I)
NH
4
+
ammonium
C
2
H
3
O
2
–
acetate
CH
3
COO
–
}
CN
–
cyanide
CO
3
2–
carbonate
HCO
3
–
hydrogen
carbonate
C
2
O
4
2–
oxalate
ClO
–
hypochlorite
ClO
2
–
chlorite
ClO
3
–
chlorate
ClO
4
–
perchlorate
CrO
4
2–
chromate
Cr
2
O
7
2–
dichromate
MnO
4
–
permanganate
NO
2
–
nitrite
NO
3
–
nitrate
O
2
2–
peroxide
OH
–
hydroxide
PO
4
3–
phosphate
SCN
–
thiocyanate
SO
3
2–
sulfite
SO
4
2–
sulfate
HSO
4
–
hydrogen sulfate
S
2
O
3
2–
thiosulfate
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry – 2011 Edition 3
0 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90.
100.
Temperature (°C)
Solubility (g solute/100. g H
2
O)
150.
140.
130.
120.
110.
100.
90.
80.
70.
60.
50.
40.
30.
20.
10.
0
KI
NaNO
3
KNO
3
NH
4
Cl
HCl
KCl
NaCl
KClO
3
NH
3
SO
2
Table G
Solubility Curves at Standard Pressure
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry – 2011 Edition 4
Table H
Vapor Pressure of Four Liquids
0 25 50. 75
100.
125
200.
150.
100.
50.
0
Vapor Pressure (kPa)
101.3 kPa
propanone
ethanol
water
ethanoic
acid
Li
Rb
K
Cs
Ba
Sr
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Ti
Mn
Zn
Cr
Fe
Co
Ni
Sn
Pb
H
2
Cu
Ag
Au
F
2
Cl
2
Br
2
I
2
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry – 2011 Edition 5
Table I
Heats of Reaction at 101.3 kPa and 298 K
Table J
Activity Series**
Reaction ΔH (kJ)*
CH
4
(g) + 2O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(ᐍ) –890.4
C
3
H
8
(g) + 5O
2
(g) 3CO
2
(g) + 4H
2
O(ᐍ) –2219.2
2C
8
H
18
(ᐍ) + 25O
2
(g) 16CO
2
(g) + 18H
2
O(ᐍ) –10943
2CH
3
OH(ᐍ) + 3O
2
(g) 2CO
2
(g) + 4H
2
O(ᐍ) –1452
C
2
H
5
OH(ᐍ) + 3O
2
(g) 2CO
2
(g) + 3H
2
O(ᐍ) –1367
C
6
H
12
O
6
(s) + 6O
2
(g) 6CO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O(ᐍ) –2804
2CO(g) + O
2
(g) 2CO
2
(g) –566.0
C(s) + O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) –393.5
4Al(s) + 3O
2
(g) 2Al
2
O
3
(s) –3351
N
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2NO(g) +182.6
N
2
(g) + 2O
2
(g) 2NO
2
(g) +66.4
2H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2H
2
O(g) –483.6
2H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2H
2
O(ᐍ) –571.6
N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) 2NH
3
(g) –91.8
2C(s) + 3H
2
(g) C
2
H
6
(g) –84.0
2C(s) + 2H
2
(g) C
2
H
4
(g) +52.4
2C(s) + H
2
(g) C
2
H
2
(g) +227.4
H
2
(g) + I
2
(g) 2HI(g) +53.0
KNO
3
(s)
H
2
O
K
+
(aq) + NO
3
–
(aq) +34.89
NaOH(s)
H
2
O
Na
+
(aq) + OH
–
(aq) –44.51
NH
4
Cl(s)
H
2
O
NH
4
+
(aq) + Cl
–
(aq) +14.78
NH
4
NO
3
(s)
H
2
O
NH
4
+
(aq) + NO
3
–
(aq) +25.69
NaCl(s)
H
2
O
Na
+
(aq) + Cl
–
(aq) +3.88
LiBr(s)
H
2
O
Li
+
(aq) + Br
–
(aq) –48.83
H
+
(aq) + OH
–
(aq) H
2
O(ᐍ) –55.8
* The ΔH values are based on molar quantities represented in the equations.
A minus sign indicates an exothermic reaction.
Metals Nonmetals
Most
Active
Most
Active
Least
Active
Least
Active
**Activity Series is based on the hydrogen
standard. H
2
is not a metal.
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry – 2011 Edition 6
Table K
Common Acids
Table L
Common Bases
Table N
Selected Radioisotopes
Table M
Common Acid–Base Indicators
Formula Name
HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
HNO
2
(aq) nitrous acid
HNO
3
(aq) nitric acid
H
2
SO
3
(aq) sulfurous acid
H
2
SO
4
(aq) sulfuric acid
H
3
PO
4
(aq) phosphoric acid
H
2
CO
3
(aq)
or carbonic acid
CO
2
(aq)
CH
3
COOH(aq)
ethanoic acid
or
HC
2
H
3
O
2
(aq)
(acetic acid)
Formula Name
NaOH(aq) sodium hydroxide
KOH(aq) potassium hydroxide
Ca(OH)
2
(aq) calcium hydroxide
NH
3
(aq) aqueous ammonia
Approximate
Indicator pH Range Color
for Color Change
Change
methyl orange 3.1–4.4 red to yellow
bromthymol blue 6.0–7.6 yellow to blue
phenolphthalein 8–9 colorless to pink
litmus 4.5–8.3 red to blue
bromcresol green 3.8–5.4 yellow to blue
thymol blue 8.0–9.6 yellow to blue
Nuclide Half-Life Decay Nuclide
Mode Name
198
Au 2.695 d β
–
gold-198
14
C 5715 y β
–
carbon-14
37
Ca 182 ms β
+
calcium-37
60
Co 5.271 y β
–
cobalt-60
137
Cs 30.2 y β
–
cesium-137
53
Fe 8.51 min β
+
iron-53
220
Fr 27.4 s α francium-220
3
H 12.31 y β
–
hydrogen-3
131
I 8.021 d β
–
iodine-131
37
K 1.23 s β
+
potassium-37
42
K 12.36 h β
–
potassium-42
85
Kr 10.73 y β
–
krypton-85
16
N 7.13 s β
–
nitrogen-16
19
Ne 17.22 s β
+
neon-19
32
P 14.28 d β
–
phosphorus-32
239
Pu 2.410 × 10
4
y α plutonium-239
226
Ra 1599 y α radium-226
222
Rn 3.823 d α radon-222
90
Sr 29.1 y β
–
strontium-90
99
Tc 2.13 × 10
5
y β
–
technetium-99
232
Th 1.40 × 10
10
y α thorium-232
233
U 1.592 × 10
5
y α uranium-233
235
U 7.04 × 10
8
y α uranium-235
238
U 4.47 × 10
9
y α uranium-238
Source: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 91
st
ed., 2010–2011,
CRC Press
Source: The Merck Index, 14
th
ed., 2006, Merck Publishing Group
Name
General
Examples
Formula
Name Structural Formula
alkanes C
n
H
2n+2
ethane
alkenes C
n
H
2n
ethene
alkynes C
n
H
2n–2
ethyne
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry – 2011 Edition 7
Table O
Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry
Table P
Organic Prefixes
Table Q
Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons
Name Notation Symbol
alpha particle
4
2
He or
4
2
αα
beta particle
0
–1
e or
0
–1
ββ
–
gamma radiation
0
0
γγ
neutron
1
0
nn
proton
1
1
H or
1
1
pp
positron
0
+1
e or
0
+1
ββ
+
Prefix Number of
Carbon Atoms
meth- 1
eth- 2
prop- 3
but- 4
pent- 5
hex- 6
hept- 7
oct- 8
non- 9
dec- 10
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
CC
H
H
H
C
C
HH
H
Note: n = number of carbon atoms
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry – 2011 Edition 8
O
R C H
O
R C O R′
O
CH
3
CCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
2-pentanone
O
R C R′
O
C H
Table R
Organic Functional Groups
Class of
Compound
Functional
Group
General
Formula
Example
halide
(halocarbon)
alcohol
ether
aldehyde
F (fluoro-)
Cl (chloro-)
Br (bromo-)
I (iodo-)
OH
RX
(X represents
any halogen)
R OH
R O R′
CH
3
CHClCH
3
2-chloropropane
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH
1-propanol
CH
3
OCH
2
CH
3
methyl ethyl ether
amide
O
O
C OH
O
C O
O
C NH
N
O
C
O
CH
3
CH
2
C H
propanal
O R′
R C NH
R′
R N R′′
O
R C OH
ketone
organic acid
ester
amine
O
CH
3
CH
2
C OH
propanoic acid
O
CH
3
CH
2
COCH
3
methyl propanoate
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
1-propanamine
O
CH
3
CH
2
C NH
2
propanamide
Note: R represents a bonded atom or group of atoms.
9
Sb
Pb
79
Nb
+3
89
39
Rb
2-8-8-1
19
Cs
Na
Li
(223)
Fr
87
-18-32-18-8-1
+1
Ra
88
-18-32-18-8-2
+2
(227)
Ac
-18-32-18-9-2
+3
(261)
Rf
104
138.9055
La
57
2-8-18-18-9-2
+3
178.49
Hf
72
*18-32-10-2
+4
91.224
Zr
40
2-8-18-10-2
+4
47.867
Ti
22
2-8-10-2
+2
+3
+4
50.9415
V
23
2-8-11-2
+2
+3
+4
51.996
Cr
24
2-8-13-1
+2
+3
+6
95.94
Mo
42
2-8-18-13-1
+6
183.84
W
74
-18-32-12-2
+6
54.9380
Mn
25
2-8-13-2
+2
+3
+4
+7
55.845
Fe
26
2-8-14-2
+2
+3
58.9332
Co
27
2-8-15-2
+2
+3
58.693
Ni
28
2-8-16-2
+2
+3
63.546
Cu
2-8-18-1
+1
+2
107.868
Ag
47
2-8-18-18-1
+1
65.409
Zn
30
2-8-18-2
+2
69.723
Ga
31
2-8-18-3
+3
26.98154
Al
13
2-8-3
+3
10.81
B
5
2-3
+3
12.011
C
6
2-4
–4
+2
+4
15.9994
O
8
2-6
–2
18.9984
F
2-7
–1 20.180
Ne
10
2-8
0
4.00260
He
2
2
0
28.0855
Si
14
2-8-4
–4
+2
+4
72.64
Ge
32
2-8-18-4
+2
+4
74.9216
As
33
2-8-18-5
–3
+3
78.96
Se
34
2-8-18-6
–2
+4
+6
127.60
Te
52
2-8-18-18-6
–2
+4
+6
126.904
l
53
2-8-18-18-7
–1
+1
+5
+7
131.29
Xe
54
2-8-18-18-8
0
+2
+4
+6
(209)
Po
84
-18-32-18-6
+2
+4
(210)
At
85
-18-32-18-7
79.904
Br
35
2-8-18-7
–1
+1
+5
83.798
Kr
36
2-8-18-8
0
+2
(222)
Rn
86
-18-32-18-8
0
174.9668
Lu
71
+3
173.04
Yb
70
+2
+3
168.934
Tm
+3
167.259
Er
68
+3
164.930
Ho
67
+3
162.500
Dy
66
+3
158.925
65
+3
157.25
Gd
64
+3
151.964
Eu
63
+2
+3
150.36
Sm
62
+2
+3
(145)
Pm
61
+3
144.24
Nd
60
+3
140.908
Pr
+3
140.116
Ce
58
+3
+4
232.038
Th
+4
231.036
Pa
+4
238.029
U
+3
+4
+5
+6
(237)
Np
(244)
Pu
(243)
Am
(247)
Cm
+3
(247)
Bk
+3
+4
(251)
Cf
+3
(252)
Es
(257)
Fm
100
(258)
Md
101
(259)
No
102
(262)
Lr
103
30.97376
P
15
2-8-5
–3
+3
+5
32.065
S
16
2-8-6
–2
+4
+6
39.948
Ar
18
2-8-8
0
35.453
Cl
17
2-8-7
–1
+1
+5
+7
118.71
Sn
50
2-8-18-18-4
+2
+4
14.0067
N
7
2-5
–3
–2
–1
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
112.41
Cd
48
2-8-18-18-2
+2
114.818
In
2-8-18-18-3
+3
200.59
Hg
80
-18-32-18-2
+1
+2
204.383
Tl
81
-18-32-18-3
+1
+3
207.2
82
-18-32-18-4
+2
+4
208.980
Bi
83
-18-32-18-5
+3
121.760
51
2-8-18-18-5
–3
+3
106.42
Pd
46
2-8-18-18
+2
+4
195.08
Pt
78
-18-32-17-1
+2
+4
196.967
Au
-18-32-18-1
+1
+3
101.07
Ru
44
2-8-18-15-1
+3
190.23
Os
76
-18-32-14-2
+3
+4
192.217
Ir
77
-18-32-15-2
+3
+4
102.906
Rh
45
2-8-18-16-1
+3
(98)
Tc
43
2-8-18-13-2
+4
+6
+7
186.207
Re
75
-18-32-13-2
+4
+6
+7
92.9064
41
2-8-18-12-1
+5
180.948
Ta
73
-18-32-11-2
(262)
105
(266)
Sg
106
(272)
Bh
107
(277)
Hs
108
(276)
Mt
109
(281)
Ds
(280)
Rg
111
(285)
Cn
112
(289)
Uuq
114
88.9059
Y
2-8-18-9-2
+3
44.9559
Sc
21
2-8-9-2
+3
137.33
Ba
56
2-8-18-18-8-2
+2
87.62
Sr
38
2-8-18-8-2
+2
40.08
Ca
20
2-8-8-2
+2
24.305
Mg
12
2-8-2
+2
9.01218
Be
4
2-2
+2
132.905
55
2-8-18-18-8-1
+1
85.4678
37
2-8-18-8-1
+1
39.0983
K
+1
22.98977
11
2-8-1
+1
6.941
3
2-1
+1
1.00794
H
1
1
+1
–1
*denotes the presence of (2-8-) for elements 72 and above
**The systematic names and symbols for elements of atomic numbers 113 and above
will be used until the approval of trivial names by IUPAC.
Source: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 91
st
ed., 2010–2011, CRC Press
Period
1
2
1
1
2
Group
Group
9
8
7
5
4
3
Group
3
4
5
7
Periodic Table of the Elements
C
12.011 –4
+2
+4
6
2-4
Atomic Mass
Symbol
Atomic Number
Electron Configuration
Selected Oxidation States
Relative atomic masses are based
on
12
C = 12 (exact)
Note: Numbers in parentheses
are mass numbers of the most
stable or common isotope.
KEY
(226)
6
6
+5
+5
Db
10
29
11 12
13 14 15
16
17 18
49
+5
+5
+5
90
59
91
+5
92
+3
+4
+5
+6
93 94
+3
+4
+5
+6
+3
+4
+5
+6
95 96 97
Tb
98
99
69
18
110
(284)
Uut
113
**
(288)
Uup
115
(292)
Uuh
116
( ? )
Uus
117
(294)
Uuo
118
+4
+3
+2
+3
+2
+3
+3+3
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry – 2011 Edition 9
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry – 2011 Edition 10
Table S
Properties of Selected Elements
First
Atomic
Symbol Name
Ionization Electro- Melting Boiling* Density** Atomic
Number Energy negativity Point Point
(g/cm
3
)
Radius
(kJ/mol) (K) (K) (pm)
1 H hydrogen 1312 2.2 14 20. 0.000082 32
2 He helium 2372 — — 4 0.000164 37
3 Li lithium 520. 1.0 454 1615 0.534 130.
4 Be beryllium 900. 1.6 1560. 2744 1.85 99
5 B boron 801 2.0 2348 4273 2.34 84
6 C carbon 1086 2.6 — —
.
—75
7 N nitrogen 1402 3.0 63 77 0.001145 71
8 O oxygen 1314 3.4 54 90. 0.001308 64
9 F fluorine 1681 4.0 53 85 0.001553 60.
10 Ne neon 2081 — 24 27 0.000825 62
11 Na sodium 496 0.9 371 1156 0.97 160.
12 Mg magnesium 738 1.3 923 1363 1.74 140.
13 Al aluminum 578 1.6 933 2792 2.70 124
14 Si silicon 787 1.9 1687 3538 2.3296 114
15 P phosphorus (white) 1012 2.2 317 554 1.823 109
16 S sulfur (monoclinic) 1000. 2.6 388 718 2.00 104
17 Cl chlorine 1251 3.2 172 239 0.002898 100.
18 Ar argon 1521 — 84 87 0.001633 101
19 K potassium 419 0.8 337 1032 0.89 200.
20 Ca calcium 590. 1.0 1115 1757 1.54 174
21 Sc scandium 633 1.4 1814 3109 2.99 159
22 Ti titanium 659 1.5 1941 3560. 4.506 148
23 V vanadium 651 1.6 2183 3680. 6.0 144
24 Cr chromium 653 1.7 2180. 2944 7.15 130.
25 Mn manganese 717 1.6 1519 2334 7.3 129
26 Fe iron 762 1.8 1811 3134 7.87 124
27 Co cobalt 760. 1.9 1768 3200. 8.86 118
28 Ni nickel 737 1.9 1728 3186 8.90 117
29 Cu copper 745 1.9 1358 2835 8.96 122
30 Zn zinc 906 1.7 693 1180. 7.134 120.
31 Ga gallium 579 1.8 303 2477 5.91 123
32 Ge germanium 762 2.0 1211 3106 5.3234 120.
33 As arsenic (gray) 944 2.2 1090. — 5.75 120.
34 Se selenium (gray) 941 2.6 494 958 4.809 118
35 Br bromine 1140. 3.0 266 332 3.1028 117
36 Kr krypton 1351 — 116 120. 0.003425 116
37 Rb rubidium 403 0.8 312 961 1.53 215
38 Sr strontium 549 1.0 1050. 1655 2.64 190.
39 Y yttrium 600. 1.2 1795 3618 4.47 176
40 Zr zirconium 640. 1.3 2128 4682 6.52 164
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry – 2011 Edition 11
First
Atomic
Symbol Name
Ionization Electro- Melting Boiling* Density** Atomic
Number Energy negativity Point Point
(g/cm
3
)
Radius
(kJ/mol) (K) (K) (pm)
41 Nb niobium 652 1.6 2750. 5017 8.57 156
42 Mo molybdenum 684 2.2 2896 4912 10.2 146
43 Tc technetium 702 2.1 2430. 4538 11 138
44 Ru ruthenium 710. 2.2 2606 4423 12.1 136
45 Rh rhodium 720. 2.3 2237 3968 12.4 134
46 Pd palladium 804 2.2 1828 3236 12.0 130.
47 Ag silver 731 1.9 1235 2435 10.5 136
48 Cd cadmium 868 1.7 594 1040. 8.69 140.
49 In indium 558 1.8 430. 2345 7.31 142
50 Sn tin (white) 709 2.0 505 2875 7.287 140.
51 Sb antimony (gray) 831 2.1 904 1860. 6.68 140.
52 Te tellurium 869 2.1 723 1261 6.232 137
53 I iodine 1008 2.7 387 457 4.933 136
54 Xe xenon 1170. 2.6 161 165 0.005366 136
55 Cs cesium 376 0.8 302 944 1.873 238
56 Ba barium 503 0.9 1000. 2170. 3.62 206
57 La lanthanum 538 1.1 1193 3737 6.15 194
Elements 58–71 have been omitted.
72 Hf hafnium 659 1.3 2506 4876 13.3 164
73 Ta tantalum 728 1.5 3290. 5731 16.4 158
74 W tungsten 759 1.7 3695 5828 19.3 150.
75 Re rhenium 756 1.9 3458 5869 20.8 141
76 Os osmium 814 2.2 3306 5285 22.587 136
77 Ir iridium 865 2.2 2719 4701 22.562 132
78 Pt platinum 864 2.2 2041 4098 21.5 130.
79 Au gold 890. 2.4 1337 3129 19.3 130.
80 Hg mercury 1007 1.9 234 630. 13.5336 132
81 Tl thallium 589 1.8 577 1746 11.8 144
82 Pb lead 716 1.8 600. 2022 11.3 145
83 Bi bismuth 703 1.9 544 1837 9.79 150.
84 Po polonium 812 2.0 527 1235 9.20 142
85 At astatine — 2.2 575 — — 148
86 Rn radon 1037 — 202 211 0.009074 146
87 Fr francium 393 0.7 300. — — 242
88 Ra radium 509 0.9 969 — 5 211
89 Ac actinium 499 1.1 1323 3471 10. 201
Elements 90 and above have been omitted.
* boiling point at standard pressure
** density of solids and liquids at room temperature and density of gases at 298 K and 101.3 kPa
— no data available
Source: CRC Handbook for Chemistry and Physics, 91
st
ed., 2010–2011, CRC Press
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Chemistry – 2011 Edition 12
Table T
Important Formulas and Equations
DET 609 ADU
d = density
Density d = m = mass
V = volume
Mole Calculations number of moles =
Percent Error % error = × 100
Percent Composition % composition by mass = × 100
parts per million = × 1000000
Concentration
molarity =
P = pressure
Combined Gas Law = V = volume
T = temperature
M
A
= molarity of H
+
M
B
= molarity of OH
–
Titration M
A
V
A
= M
B
V
B
V
A
= volume of acid V
B
= volume of base
q = mCΔTq= heat H
f
= heat of fusion
Heat q = mH
f
m = mass H
v
= heat of vaporization
q = mH
v
C=specific heat capacity
ΔT = change in temperature
Temperature
K = °C + 273 K = kelvin
°C = degree Celsius
P
2
V
2
T
2
P
1
V
1
T
1
moles of solute
liter of solution
mass of solute
mass of solution
mass of part
mass of whole
measured value – accepted value
accepted value
given mass
gram-formula mass
m
V
