known as a “blue ticket”) was given to troops who were “outed” (Bérubé, 1990, p. 132). Though
neither honorable nor dishonorable in standing, the negativity associated with a blue discharge
created an atmosphere of post-service hardship for service members who received them. This
hardship included discrimination when filing for GI Bill benefits. Originally, GI Bill benefits
were given to all troops who received any discharge that was not classified as “dishonorable”.
This was modified in April of 1945 by the Veterans Administration. Instructions were now
given to officials at the Veterans Administration that “blue” discharges for homosexual “acts or
tendencies” should be considered dishonorable (Bérubé, 1990, p. 228). Though done on a case
by case basis, those receiving a blue discharge were usually denied GI Bill benefits by the
Veterans Administration and, often, could not easily find work because of the stigma
surrounding a blue discharge (Mettler, 2005). It is important to note that blue discharges given
out do not necessarily mean that a service member was homosexual; and it is unknown exactly
how many homosexual service members were given blue discharges under this regulation, but it
is estimated by a U.S. Congressional House Report that 51,936 blue discharges were given
between December 7, 1941 to June 30, 1945 (cited in Bérubé, 1990, 232), with approximately
5,000 of them issued to homosexuals in the Army, with the Navy's estimates of blue-discharge
homosexuals was around 4,000 (Bérubé, 1990, p. 232).
The Department of Defense issued a directive in 1949 directly barring homosexuals from
service in the military, saying that “Homosexual personnel, irrespective of sex, should not be
permitted to serve in any branch of the Armed Forces in any capacity, and prompt separation of
known homosexuals from the Armed Forces is mandatory” and continuing to highlight the
inferior nature of homosexuals, classifying such service members as security risks (cited in
9