ADVANCING
T
RAUMA-INFORMED CARE
I
SSUE BRIEF
Key Ingredients for Successful
Trauma-Informed Care Implementation
April 2016 | By Christopher Menschner and Alexandra Maul, Center for Health Care Strategies
IN BRIEF
Because of the potentially long-lasting negative impact of trauma on physical and mental health, ways to
address patients’ history of trauma are drawing the attention of health care policymakers and providers
across the country. Patients who have experienced trauma can benefit from emerging best practices in
trauma-informed care. These practices involve both organizational and clinical changes that have the
potential to improve patient engagement, health outcomes, and provider and staff wellness, and decrease
unnecessary utilization. This brief draws on interviews with national experts on trauma-informed care to
create a framework for organizational and clinical changes that can be practically implemented across the
health care sector to address trauma. It also highlights payment, policy, and educational opportunities to
acknowledge trauma’s impact. The brief is a product of Advancing Trauma-Informed Care, a multi-site
demonstration project supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and led by the Center for Health
Care Strategies.
xposure to abuse, neglect, discrimination, violence, and other adverse experiences increase a person’s lifelong
potential for serious health problems and engaging in health-risk behaviors, as documented by the landmark
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study.
1,2,3
Because of the ACE study, and other subsequent research, health care
policymakers and providers increasingly recognize that exposure to traumatic events, especially as children, heighten
patients’ health risks long afterward.
As health care providers grow aware of trauma’s impact, they are realizing the value of trauma-informed approaches
to care. Trauma-informed care acknowledges the need to understand a patient’s life experiences in order to deliver
effective care and has the potential to improve patient engagement, treatment adherence, health outcomes, and
provider and staff wellness. A set of organizational competencies and core clinical guidelines is emerging to inform
effective treatment for patients
*
with trauma histories (Exhibit 1), but more needs to be done to develop an integrated,
comprehensive approach that ranges from screening patients for trauma to measuring quality outcomes. Questions
remain for the field regarding how to conceptualize trauma and how to develop payment strategies to support this
approach.
This issue brief draws insights from experts across the country to outline the key ingredients necessary for establishing
a trauma-informed approach to care at the organizational and clinical levels (see Exhibit 1). It explores opportunities for
improving care, reducing health care costs for individuals with histories of trauma, and incorporating trauma-informed
principles throughout the health care setting.
*
For simplicity, the term “patient” is used throughout this brief to refer to individuals receiving services in clinical settings.
The authors recognize that the terms “client” and “consumer” are often used in behavioral health and social services settings.
E
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Exhibit 1. Key Ingredients for Creating a Trauma-Informed Approach to Care
Organizational
Clinical
Leading and communicating about the transformation
process
Engaging patients in organizational planning
Training clinical as well as non-clinical staff members
Creating a safe environment
Preventing secondary traumatic stress in staff
Hiring a trauma-informed workforce
Involving patients in the treatment process
Screening for trauma
Training staff in trauma-specific treatment
approaches
Engaging referral sources and partnering
organizations
Background
Experiencing trauma, especially during childhood,
significantly increases the risk of serious health problems
— including chronic lung, heart, and liver disease as well
as depression, sexually transmitted diseases, tobacco,
alcohol, and illicit drug abuse
1, 2, 3
— throughout life.
Childhood trauma is also linked to increases in social
service costs.
5
Implementing trauma-informed
approaches to care may help health care providers
engage their patients more effectively, thereby offering
the potential to improve outcomes and reduce avoidable
costs for both health care and social services. Trauma-
informed approaches to care shift the focus from “What’s
wrong with you?” to “What happened to you?” by:
Realizing the widespread impact of trauma and
understanding potential paths for recovery;
Recognizing the signs and symptoms of trauma in
individual clients, families, and staff;
Integrating knowledge about trauma into policies,
procedures, and practices; and
Seeking to actively resist re-traumatization (i.e.,
avoid creating an environment that inadvertently
reminds patients of their traumatic experiences and
causes them to experience emotional and
biological stress).
6,7
To develop this report, CHCS conducted interviews with nationally recognized experts in the field, including primary
care physicians, behavioral health clinicians, academic researchers, program administrators, and trauma-informed care
trainers, as well as with state and federal policymakers. Information from the interviews is organized within a
framework outlining key steps and skill sets essential to trauma-informed care. The paper also summarizes
opportunities for further exploration to advance the field of trauma-informed care.
No Universal Definition of Trauma
Experts tend to create their own definition of trauma
based on their clinical experiences. However, the most
commonly referenced definition is from the Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
(SAMHSA):
4
“Individual trauma results from an event, series of
events, or set of circumstances that is experienced by
an individual as physically or emotionally harmful or
life threatening and that has lasting adverse effects on
the individual’s functioning and mental, physical,
social, emotional, or spiritual well-being.”
Examples of trauma include, but are not limited to:
Experiencing or observing physical, sexual, and
emotional abuse;
Childhood neglect;
Having a family member with a mental health or
substance use disorder;
Experiencing or witnessing violence in the
community or while serving in the military; and
Poverty and systemic discrimination.
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Implementing a Comprehensive Trauma-Informed Approach
Trauma-informed care must involve both organizational
and clinical practices that recognize the complex impact
trauma has on both patients and providers. Well-intentioned
health care providers often train their clinical staff in trauma-
specific treatment approaches, but neglect to implement
broad changes across their organizations to address trauma.
Widespread changes to organizational policy and culture
need to be implemented for a health care setting to become
truly trauma-informed. Organizational practices that
recognize the impact of trauma reorient the culture of a
health care setting to address the potential for trauma in
patients and staff, while trauma-informed clinical practices address the impact of trauma on individual patients.
Changing both organizational and clinical practices to reflect the following core principles of a trauma-informed
approach to care is necessary to transform a health care setting:
Patient empowerment: Using individuals’ strengths to empower them in the development of their treatment;
Choice: Informing patients regarding treatment options so they can choose the options they prefer;
Collaboration: Maximizing collaboration among health care staff, patients, and their families in organizational
and treatment planning;
Safety: Developing health care settings and activities that ensure patients’ physical and emotional safety; and
Trustworthiness: Creating clear expectations with patients about what proposed treatments entail, who will
provide services, and how care will be provided.
8
These attributes form the core principles of a trauma-informed organization and may require modifying mission
statements, changing human resource policies, amending bylaws, allocating resources, and updating clinical manuals.
The following sections describe key strategies for adopting these principles at the organization-wide and clinical levels.
Organizational Practices
Changing organizational practices to fit trauma-informed
principles will transform the culture of a health care
setting. Experts recommend that organizational reform
precede the adoption of trauma-informed clinical
practices. Key ingredients of an organizational trauma-
informed approach include:
Leading and Communicating about the
Transformation Process
Becoming a trauma-informed organization requires the steady support of senior leaders. Crafting a plan that
empowers the workforce to be part of the transformation process can help generate buy-in throughout the
organization. Leadership will need to establish strategies for rolling out the changes, particularly with regard to clearly
communicating the rationale and benefits to both staff and patients. It is important for both groups to understand why
there will be changes in how the organization functions. Because trauma-informed approaches to care are evolving,
Trying to implement trauma-specific
clinical practices without first
implementing trauma-informed
organizational culture change is like
throwing seeds on dry land.
Sandra Bloom, MD,
Creator of the Sanctuary Model
Key Ingredients of Trauma-Informed
Organizational Practices
1. Leading and communicating about the
transformation process
2. Engaging patients in organizational planning
3. Training clinical as well as non-clinical staff members
4. Creating a safe environment
5. Preventing secondary traumatic stress in staff
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communication strategies are just beginning to emerge, and each organization will need to take its size and structure
into account when developing ways to discuss trauma-informed care.
A successful transformation will likely require significant investments — to continuously train staff, hire consultants,
and make physical modifications to the facility — and senior leaders are typically responsible for identifying the
resources needed to do so, often through outside funding. At the same time, leadership must also consider how
designating time for staff training, rather than billable clinical activities, could influence the financial health of the
organization.
Engaging Patients in Organizational Planning
When a health care organization commits to becoming trauma-informed, a stakeholder committee, including
individuals who have experienced trauma, should be organized to oversee the process. These individuals can provide
valuable first-hand perspectives to inform organizational changes by serving alongside staff, patient advisory boards,
and boards of trustees. Health care organizations should consider compensating patients and community members for
their time as they would with other highly valued consultants.
Training Clinical as well as Non-Clinical Staff
Providing trauma training is critical for not only clinical,
but also for non-clinical employees. Providers should be
well-versed in how to create a trusting, non-threatening
environment while interacting with patients and staff.
Likewise, non-clinical staff, who often interact with
patients before and more frequently than clinical staff,
play an important role in trauma-informed settings.
Personnel such as front-desk workers, security guards,
and drivers have often overlooked roles in patient
engagement and in setting the tone of the environment.
For example, greeting people in a welcoming manner
when they first walk into the building may help foster
feelings of safety and acceptance, initiate positive
relationships, and increase the likelihood that they will
engage in treatment and return for future appointments.
Creating a Safe Environment
Feeling physically, socially, or emotionally unsafe may cause extreme anxiety in a person who has experienced trauma,
potentially causing re-traumatization. Therefore, creating a safe environment is fundamental to successfully engaging
patients in their care. Examples of creating a safe environment include:
Physical Environment
Keeping parking lots, common areas, bathrooms, entrances, and exits well lit;
Ensuring that people are not allowed to smoke, loiter, or congregate outside entrances and exits;
Monitoring who is coming in and out of the building;
Positioning security personnel inside and outside of the building;
Keeping noise levels in waiting rooms low;
Using welcoming language on all signage; and
Making sure patients have clear access to the door in exam rooms and can easily exit if desired.
The San Francisco Department
of Public Health’s Training Model
for a Trauma-Informed Workforce
The San Francisco Department of Public Health (SFDPH) is
using an innovative approach to respond to the impact of
trauma. Its Trauma-Informed Systems Initiative aims to
develop and sustain organizational and workforce change
by training its entire workforce. Using the principles of
implementation science,
9
SFDPH is seeking to create an
organizational structure that supports its commitment to
becoming trauma-informed. It will designate specific staff
to lead trauma-informed training, spark collaboration
across systems, and engage in continual evaluation.
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“
Social-Emotional Environment
Welcoming patients and ensuring that they feel
respected and supported;
Ensuring staff maintain healthy interpersonal
boundaries and can manage conflict appropriately;
Keeping consistent schedules and procedures;
Offering sufficient notice and preparation when
changes are necessary;
Maintaining communication that is consistent, open,
respectful, and compassionate; and
Being aware of how an individual’s culture affects how
they perceive trauma, safety, and privacy.
Preventing Secondary Traumatic Stress in Staff
Working with patients who have experienced trauma puts both clinical and non-clinical staff at risk of secondary
traumatic stress. Defined as the “emotional duress that results when an individual hears about the firsthand trauma
experiences of another,”
10
secondary traumatic stress can lead to chronic fatigue, disturbing thoughts, poor
concentration, emotional detachment and exhaustion, avoidance, absenteeism, and physical illness. Clinicians and
other front-line staff experiencing these symptoms may struggle to provide high-quality care to patients and may
experience burnout, leading to staff turnover — which can create a negative feedback loop that intensifies similar
feelings in remaining employees.
Many in the “helping professions” may have their own personal trauma histories, which may be exacerbated by
working with others who have experienced trauma. Non-clinical staff may also have trauma histories, which can
especially be true when the care facility is located in a community that experiences high rates of adversity and trauma
(e.g., poverty, violence, discrimination) because non-clinical staff often live in the neighborhood.
Preventing secondary traumatic stress can increase staff morale, allow staff to function optimally, and reduce the
expense of frequently hiring and training new employees. Strategies to prevent secondary traumatic stress in staff
include:
Providing trainings that raise awareness of secondary traumatic stress;
Offering opportunities for staff to explore their own trauma histories;
Supporting reflective supervision, in which a service provider and supervisor meet regularly to address feelings
regarding patient interactions;
Encouraging and incentivizing physical activity, yoga, and meditation; and
Allowing “mental health days” for staff.
Hiring a Trauma-Informed Workforce
Hiring staff suited for trauma-informed work — based on factors including previous experience with relevant patient
populations, training, and personality — is essential for employing a trauma-informed approach. Although medical,
nursing, social work, and public health school curricula generally do not incorporate training in trauma-informed
principles, organizations can begin by hiring staff with personality characteristics well suited for trauma-informed work.
Hiring managers can use behavioral interviewing,
11
a technique that relies on candidates’ past behavior as a predictor
A non-trauma-
and blame
‘what’s wrong with you?’ A trauma-
informed provider will hold you
give you space and time to process
‘what happened to you?’
guilt and more trauma.
Patient at
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of future behavior, to screen for empathy, non-judgment, and collaboration. This method can identify viable
candidates who may not have had formalized training in trauma-informed care.
Clinical Practices
While the concept of a comprehensive trauma-informed
approach is still taking shape, there are a number of
evidence-based clinical practices for working with
individuals who have experienced trauma. Key
ingredients of a trauma-informed clinical approach
include:
Involving Patients in the Treatment Process
Patients need a voice in their own treatment planning and an active role in the decision-making process. In traditional
care, clinicians often dictate the course of action without much opportunity for patient feedback or dialogue. In a
trauma-informed approach, patients are actively engaged in their care and their feedback drives the direction of the
care plan.
One promising engagement strategy uses peer support workers — individuals with lived trauma experiences who
receive special training — to be part of the care team.
12
Based on their similar experiences and shared understanding,
patients may develop trust with their peer support worker and be more willing to engage in treatment. Peer
engagement is a powerful tool to help overcome the isolation common among individuals who have experienced
trauma.
Screening for Trauma
Although trauma screening is recognized as the most
fundamental aspect of a clinical trauma-informed
approach, experts often differ on when and how to
screen patients for trauma. Upfront and universal
screening involves screening every patient for trauma
history as early as possible. Proponents of this approach
assert that it allows providers a better understanding of a
patient’s potential trauma history, helps target
interventions, provides aggregate data, and quantifies
the risk of chronic disease later in life. Universal screening
can also reduce the risk of racial/ethnic bias by screening
all patients. Furthermore, a patient can be asked to share
a cumulative ACE or other trauma screening score after completing a questionnaire rather than identifying specific
traumatic experiences, which allows patients to decide how much detail to provide.
Opponents of upfront screening feel that patients should have the opportunity to build trust in providers before being
asked about their trauma history. Those who favor later screening for trauma contend that upfront screening removes
the patient’s choice of sharing sensitive information, can re-traumatize a patient, and may hinder progress made if
there are not appropriate interventions or referrals in place.
The Center for Youth Wellness Begins
with Patient Screening
The Center for Youth Wellness in San Francisco, CA, begins
its integrated pediatric and behavioral health services by
screening children for ACEs and assessing their overall health
status. For children with high ACE scores and other health
conditions, the organization provides care management and
prevention strategies. Prevention activities are focused on
these patients’ elevated risk for physical and behavioral
health problems.
Key Ingredients of Trauma-Informed
Clinical Practices
1. Involving patients in the treatment process
2. Screening for trauma
3. Training staff in trauma-specific treatment approaches
4. Engaging referral sources and partnering organizations
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”
Despite differing viewpoints, consensus is building in the field around several aspects of screening:
Treatment setting should guide screening practices. Upfront, universal screening may be more effective in
primary care settings and later screening may be more appropriate in behavioral health settings.
Screening should benefit the patient. Providers who screen for trauma must ensure that, once any health risks
are reported, they can offer appropriate care options and referral resources.
Re-screening should be avoided. Frequently re-screening patients may increase the potential for re-
traumatization because it requires patients to revisit their traumatic experiences. Minimizing screening frequency
and sharing results across treatment settings with appropriate privacy protections may help reduce re-screening.
Ample training should precede screening. All health care professionals should be proficient in trauma screening
and conducting appropriate follow-up discussions with patients that are sensitive to their cultural and ethnic
characteristics (e.g., language, cultural concepts of traumatic events).
Training Staff in Trauma-Specific Treatment Approaches
While the concept of a comprehensive trauma-informed approach is relatively new, a number of evidence-based
trauma-specific treatment approaches are available. Exhibit 2 (see next page), while not exhaustive, offers select
examples of treatment options for both adults and children and describes major characteristics, target populations,
and outcomes to date. Additional treatment options include, but are not limited to, motivational interviewing,
mindfulness training, and formal peer support programs.
Engaging Referral Sources and Partnering Organizations
Individuals who have experienced trauma often have
complex medical, behavioral health, and social service needs
and, therefore, receive care from an array of providers. If
providers screen for or inquire about trauma, they need to
be able to offer appropriate care responses, often including
referrals, ideally to other “practitioners” of trauma-informed
care. It is essential that providers within a given community
or system of care work together to develop a trauma-
informed referral network. Opportunities for providers to
engage with potential referral sources might include:
inviting them to participate in internal training; hosting
community-wide trauma-informed care training efforts; or
encouraging patients serving on advisory boards to lobby
organizations in a given provider network or community to
become trauma-informed.
It is very difficult for most providers
and clinics to help patients heal from
lifelong trauma and prevent re-
victimization on their own. Forming
partnerships with community-based
organizations is essential.
Edward
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Exhibit 2: Examples of Trauma Treatment Approaches: Characteristics and Evidence
Treatment Model Description Target Population(s) Outcomes
Adult-Focused Models
13
Prolonged Exposure
Therapy (PE Therapy)
Focuses on: (1) posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) education; (2) breathing techniques to
reduce the physiological experience of stress; (3)
exposure practice with real-world situations; and
(4) talking through the trauma.
Eight to 15 60-90-minute sessions that occur 1-2
times a week.
Adults who have
experienced trauma or
who have been
diagnosed with PTSD.
Has been shown to be one of the
most effective PTSD treatments for
veterans.
Meta-analysis showed that the
average PE patient had better
outcomes than 86 percent of
counterparts in the control group.
Eye Movement
Desensitization and
Reprocessing (EMDR)
Focuses on: (1) spontaneous associations of
traumatic images, thoughts, emotions, and
sensations; and (2) dual stimulation using bilateral
eye movements, tones, or taps.
Information processing therapy to reduce trauma-
related stress and strengthen adaptive beliefs.
Adults who have
experienced trauma or
who have been
diagnosed with PTSD.
Meta-analyses show similar
outcomes to other exposure
therapy techniques.
Endorsed by World Health
Organization and Department of
Veterans’ Affairs.
Seeking Safety
Focuses on: (1) prioritizing safety; (2) integrating
trauma and substance use; (3) rebuilding a sense
of hope for the future; (4) building cognitive,
behavioral, interpersonal, and case management
skill sets; and (5) refining clinicians’ attention to
processes.
Present-focused treatment to help individuals
attain a sense of safety.
Adults who have
experienced trauma, or
who have been
diagnosed with PTSD or
substance use issues;
groups and individuals
in a variety of settings,
including residential and
outpatient.
Listed as “supported by research
evidence” for adults by the
California Evidence-Based
Clearinghouse and “strong research
support for adults” by the Society of
Addiction Psychology of the
American Psychological Association.
Child-Focused Models
Child-Parent
Psychotherapy
Focuses on: (1) the way trauma has affected the
caregiver-child relationship; and (2) the child’s
development.
14,15
A primary goal is to bolster the caregiver-child
relationship to restore and support the child’s
mental health.
16
Youth, ages 0-6, who
have experienced a
wide range of trauma,
and parents with
chronic trauma.
17
Listed as “supported by research
evidence” by the California
Evidence-Based Clearinghouse.
18
Attachment, Self-
Regulation, and
Competency (ARC)
Focuses on: (1) attachment; (2) self-regulation; (3)
competency; and (4) trauma experience
integration; developed around an overarching goal
of supporting the child, family, and system’s ability
to engage in the present moment.
19,20
Grounded in attachment theory and early
childhood development; addresses how a child’s
entire system of care can become trauma-
informed.
21
Youth, ages 2-21, and
families who have
experienced chronic
traumatic stress,
multiple traumas,
and/or ongoing
exposure to adverse life
experiences.
22
Research suggests that ARC leads to
a reduction in a child’s
posttraumatic stress symptoms and
general mental health symptoms, as
well as increased adaptive and
social skills.
23
Trauma-Focused
Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy (TF-CBT)
Focuses on: (1) addressing distorted beliefs and
attributions related to abuse or trauma; (2)
providing a supportive environment for children to
talk about traumatic experiences; and (3) helping
parents who are not abusive to cope with their
own distress and develop skills to support their
children.
24
Designed to reduce negative emotions and
behaviors related to child sexual abuse, domestic
violence, and trauma.
25
Youth, ages 3-21, and
parents or caregivers
who have experienced
abuse or trauma.
26
Highlighted by several groups of
experts and federal agencies as a
model program or promising
treatment practice, including the
National Child Traumatic Stress
Network, the California Evidence-
based Clearinghouse, and
SAMHSA.
27
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Key Opportunities for Advancement
As discussed above, implementing a trauma-informed approach requires organizational policy change at the provider
level. Furthermore, program and payment reforms at the payer and health system levels, as well as at the state and
federal level, can also help support the adoption of trauma-informed care approaches. Examples are touched on
below.
Standardizing Language Used for Trauma-Informed Approaches
There is no universally accepted definition of trauma, and there is disagreement about the need for one. Some experts
encourage open-ended definitions, positing that the idea of trauma is too broad to be defined and fearing the potential
exclusion of patients who need trauma-informed services, but whose experiences do not fit within the definition.
Others view the lack of standardized terminology as a barrier to developing trauma-informed cross-sector
collaboration and advancing the field. Key policymakers and stakeholders, such as SAMHSA and the National Child
Traumatic Stress Network, have created their own definitions.
28,29
Nonetheless, the language used in the field — in medical and behavioral health settings — influences both providers’
practices and patients’ experiences. When explaining trauma-informed approaches to patients, it is important to
describe trauma in terms that reduce stigma and accommodate low health literacy. Patients may also be more likely to
trust providers and follow the treatment plan if providers explain how patients’ traumatic experiences contribute to
their overall health instead of focusing solely on the experience of trauma itself.
Payment Considerations
Traditional payment systems present major barriers to implementing a trauma-informed approach. Presently,
providers lack billing codes to charge for trauma-informed services and face limitations on billing for multiple types of
treatment and prevention. Some payers prohibit reimbursement for same-day and two-generation services, strategies
that could allow children and parents to be served together. Fee-for-service reimbursement practices also often limit
primary care visits to 10-15 minutes, which makes it difficult to administer screening tools, discuss the patient’s history
of trauma, and offer appropriate follow-up care or referrals.
Moreover, the fragmented care caused by separate physical and behavioral health service systems creates additional
barriers. Integrated behavioral health and primary care services, which provide coordinated care and a whole-person
approach, increase the opportunity for successful trauma-informed treatment. Rethinking reimbursement strategies,
lengthening the amount of time providers spend with patients, and reducing siloed funding streams are critical for
more coordinated care.
Fortunately, some delivery system and payment reforms are beginning to address these barriers. Payers are
increasingly integrating physical and behavioral health services financing, which should streamline integration at the
practice level. Likewise, current efforts to promote accountable care entities hope to address misaligned incentives in
the fee-for-service payment model. By moving toward incentives that reward value over volume, accountable care
organizations and other similar models should improve providers’ financial incentives for investing in trauma-informed
care.
Building the Evidence Base
Identifying appropriate metrics, best practices, and scalable solutions for trauma-informed approaches will require
more evaluation of patient outcomes and implementation costs. However, in the absence of dedicated funding,
collecting patient, cost, and system-related outcomes may present an ongoing challenge. The field also needs to create
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tools to measure the adoption of trauma-informed approaches and progress over time within organizations and across
the health care system.
Because the field of trauma-informed care is new, there is a lack of consensus about what can be achieved or how to
measure it. Health care providers and policymakers need more guidance on how to collect data and track outcomes
specific to trauma-informed care. The potential for broader adoption of trauma-informed approaches will increase as
there is more evidence of the positive impact of trauma-informed care on patient outcomes, staff wellness, and overall
costs.
Building Awareness and Competency
Trauma is a public health issue and calls for public education campaigns akin to those used in anti-smoking efforts,
vaccination promotion, and seat belt use. Changing the health care culture hinges on increasing the recognition of the
lifelong impact of trauma on people’s physical health, behavioral health, and social outcomes. Health care
organizations may benefit from clear education and marketing materials for patients and providers, social media
campaigns, and public service announcements to build awareness and reduce stigma about receiving trauma-informed
services.
This transformation requires a paradigm shift for health care workers that recognizes the significance of trauma and
the importance of trauma-informed care. Cross-disciplinary training in trauma-informed approaches should ideally
start early in a provider’s education. Trauma training in medical, public health, nursing, social work, and
residency/fellowship programs should be considered as a standard practice. Continuing education credits around
trauma-informed training and services would also build awareness among current health care workers.
Upstream efforts are also critically important for advancing the field, especially in light of the multigenerational nature
of trauma. Prevention initiatives — such as improving care for new mothers and young children; supporting families
through home visit programs; promoting universal strategies to nurture safe, stable, and caring parental relationships;
and creating violence prevention programs — should be further supported and implemented broadly.
A Recipe for Trauma-Informed Care
The health care community increasingly recognizes trauma and its associated avalanche of long-term negative
consequences as a serious public health crisis. Research shows that early adversity has lasting effects on a child’s brain.
It increases the risk of developing adaptive yet ultimately unhealthy coping behaviors that can lead to serious health
problems throughout life.
30,31,32
By adopting trauma-informed approaches to care, health care systems and providers
can help mitigate those risks, improve health outcomes for children and adults who have experienced trauma, and
reduce costs inside and outside the health care system.
Through the early work of leaders in trauma-informed care, organizational and clinical processes are emerging to guide
better care for patients and further the field. Organizations wishing to implement a trauma-informed approach must
provide steady leadership and clear communications strategies to support the transition to trauma-informed care;
engage patients in planning; train and support all staff; create safe physical environments; prevent secondary traumatic
stress in staff; and hire trauma-informed workforces. There are a number of clinical practices that are critical to
advancing a trauma-informed approach, including screening for trauma; training staff in trauma-specific treatment
approaches; and engaging both patients and appropriate partner organizations within the treatment process.
While there is a surge of interest in using trauma-informed care to address the physical health, behavioral health, and
social impacts of trauma, there is a lack of understanding about the most effective way to standardize the approach to
meet patients’ needs. There is also disagreement about the need for a standard definition of trauma and trauma-
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informed care terminology. On a payment and policy level, reimbursement structures must support provider incentives
to implement a trauma-informed approach. Furthermore, investments in research and evaluation are necessary to
achieve consensus around standardized measures related to trauma and to support the establishment of effective
approaches.
Building foundational awareness of trauma-informed approaches should begin early in a provider’s education and be
reinforced through continuing education. Reinforcing upstream prevention efforts, such as providing high quality care
for new mothers and young children and strengthening parenting capacity, is also critical to advancing the field.
Collectively, policymakers, providers, and payers have a compelling opportunity to confront the short- and long-term
impacts of trauma, and pursue the opportunity that trauma-informed care presents to improve health outcomes and
decrease costs.
Acknowledgements
Thank you to the following individuals whose trauma-informed care expertise contributed to this paper:
Clare Anderson, University of Chicago; Megan Bair-Merritt, Boston Medical Center; Dee Bigfoot, University of
Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Andrea Blanch, National Center for Trauma Informed Care, SAMHSA;
Christopher Blodgett, Washington State University; Sandra Bloom, Drexel University; Rahil Briggs, Montefiore
Medical Group; Nadine Burke-Harris, Center for Youth Wellness; Ken Epstein, San Francisco Department of Public
Health; Roger Fallot, Community Connections; Vincent J. Felitti, California Institutes of Preventative Medicine;
Patricia Gerrity, Stephen and Sandra Sheller 11
th
Street Family Health Services; Janine Hron, Crittenton Children’s
Center; Larke Huang, Office of Behavioral Health Equity, SAMHSA; Deborah Lancaster, New Jersey Department of
Children and Families; Annie Lewis-O’Connor, Brigham & Women’s Hospital; Leslie Lieberman, Health Federation
of Philadelphia; Edward Machtinger, Women’s HIV Program at the University of California, San Francisco;
Brianne Masselli, Youth M.O.V.E. National; Lisa M. Najavits, Boston University Medical School; Valerie Oldhorn,
Project ECHO; Father Jeff Puthoff, Hopeworks ‘N Camden (formerly); Robin Saenger, Peace4Tarpon Trauma-
Informed Community Initiative; Cheryl Sharp, National Council for Behavioral Health; Jack P. Shonkoff, Harvard
University; Avis Smith, Crittenton Children’s Center; and Carole Warshaw, National Center on Domestic Violence,
Trauma, & Mental Health.
Advancing Trauma-Informed Care is a multi-site demonstration project to better
understand how to implement trauma-informed approaches to health care delivery. Supported
by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and led by the Center for Health Care Strategies, this
national initiative is developing and enhancing trauma-informed approaches to care and sharing
emerging best practices. For more information, visit www.chcs.org.
I
SSUE
B
RIEF
:
Key Ingredients for Successful Trauma-Informed Care Implementation
www.chcs.org 12
1
V.J. Felitti, R.F. Anda, D. Nordenberg, D.F. Williamson, A.M. Spitz, V. Edwards, et al. “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to
Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, no. 4
(1998): 245-258.
2
J. P. Shonkoff, A. S. Garner, and the Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and
Dependent Care; and Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. “The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress.”
Pediatrics, 129, (2012b): 232–246.
3
Public Health Management Corporation (2013). Findings from the Philadelphia Urban ACE Survey. Available at:
http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/reports/2013/rwjf407836.
4
SAMHSA (2014). SAMHSA’s Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach SAMHSA’s Trauma and Justice Strategic Initiative.
Available at:
http://store.samhsa.gov/product/SAMHSA-s-Concept-of-Trauma-and-Guidance-for-a-Trauma-Informed-Approach/SMA14-4884.
5
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). “Child abuse and neglect cost the United States $124 billion.” Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2012/p0201_child_abuse.html.
6
SAMHSA (2014). SAMHSA’s Concept of Trauma op. cit.
7
SAMHSA (2014). TIP 57: Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services. Available at:
http://store.samhsa.gov/product/TIP-57-Trauma-Informed-Care-in-Behavioral-Health-Services/SMA14-4816.
8
M. Harris and R. Fallot (Eds.). “Using Trauma Theory to Design Service Systems.” New Directions for Mental Health Services, no. 89; (2001).
9
National Implementation Research Network. “Implementation Science Defined.” Available at: http://nirn.fpg.unc.edu/learn-
implementation/implementation-science-defined.
10
Secondary Traumatic Stress: A Fact Sheet for Child-Serving Professionals. National Child Traumatic Stress Network, Secondary Traumatic Stress
Committee, 2011. Available at: http://nctsn.org/sites/default/files/assets/pdfs/secondary_traumatic_tress.pdf.
11
L. Lockert. “Building a Trauma-Informed Mindset: Lessons from CareOregon’s Health Resilience Program.” Center for Health Care Strategies. June 2015.
Available at: http://www.chcs.org/building-trauma-informed-mindset-lessons-careoregons-health-resilience-program/.
12
SAMHSA (2014). SAMHSA’s Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach, op. cit.
13
Source for Adult-Focused Models: “Trauma-Informed Care: Opportunities for High-Need, High-Cost Medicaid Populations.” Center for Health Care
Strategies. March 2015. Available at:
http://www.chcs.org/resource/trauma-informed-care-opportunities-high-need-high-cost-medicaid-populations/.
14
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network (2012). “CPP: Child-Parent Psychotherapy General Information.” Available at:
http://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/assets/pdfs/cpp_general.pdf.
15
The California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare (2014). “Child Parent Psychotherapy.” Available at:
http://www.cebc4cw.org/program/child-parent-psychotherapy/detailed.
16
Ibid.
17
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. “The National Child Traumatic Stress Network Empirically Supported Treatments and Promising
Practices.” Available at: http://www.nctsn.org/resources/topics/treatments-that-work/promising-practices.
18
The California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare, op. cit.
19
Trauma Center at Justice Resource Center. “Attachment, Regulation, and Competency.” Available at:
http://www.traumacenter.org/research/ascot.php.
20
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. “ARC: Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency: A Comprehensive Framework for Intervention with
Complexly Traumatized Youth.” Available at: http://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/assets/pdfs/arc_general.pdf.
21
Ibid.
22
Trauma Center at Justice Resource Center, op. cit.
23
Trauma Center at Justice Resource Center, op. cit.
24
Child Welfare Information Gateway (2012). “Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children Affected by Sexual Abuse or Trauma.”
Available at: https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/trauma.pdf.
25
Ibid.
26
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network. “TF-CBT: Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, 2012.” Available at:
https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/trauma/.
27
Ibid.
28
Ibid.
29
National Child Traumatic Stress Network. “Defining Trauma and Child Traumatic Stress.” Available at: http://www.nctsnet.org/content/defining-
trauma-and-child-traumatic-stress.
30
V.J. Felitti, et al., op. cit.
31
J. P. Shonkoff, et al., op. cit.
32
Public Health Management Corporation, op. cit.
Endnotes