GRAMMAR TIPS
1. Avoid words that imply absolutes, such as the research proves. Instead, scholarly terminology such
as, the research data or findings suggest or imply, is more appropriate.
2. Vague or colloquial expressions that one might use in normal conversations should not be used in
scholarly writings. Avoid jargon and expressions that are not scholarly. Examples that are
inappropriate for ADP Reports include: nevertheless, on one hand, in other words, corner the
market, otherwise, at the broadest level, Catch-22, ripple effects, fills the gap, as a bonus, closed the
loop, bringing up the rear, argued (unless the writer knows an argument did occur), and bridging the
gap.
3. Ensure that the referents for all pronouns are clear. Avoid the use of pronouns such as this, that,
their, them, those, and its unless the referent is clearly and specifically known. For example, this
sentence could be confusing:
When communicating with subordinates, leaders should always make sure they are
understood, or they risk becoming disenfranchised.
Leaders should make sure who is understood? The leaders themselves or the people with whom they
are communicating? And, who risks being disenfranchised? The leader or the subordinates?
Instead, write:
When communicating with subordinates, leaders should always make sure their words
are clear and concise so that subordinates understand the message, or subordinates risk
becoming disenfranchised.
4. Watch the use of singular and plural in the same sentence. Subject, verb, and object should all be
either singular or plural. Be consistent, even between sentences. Note, however, that in APA 7
th
edition, the use of the plural “they” or “them” or “their” is an acceptable substitution for using
either he or she when the gender of the individual is unknown.
5. The word data is plural; the singular is datum. Thus, data are, not data is.
6. Do not use an apostrophe when referring to events occurring within a specific decade. For example,
when discussing events that occurred between 1980 and 1989, one should write “1980s” and not
“1980’s.”
7. Avoid absolute phrases, such as will contribute or will show. It is recommended that learners use
phrases such as may or might contribute. Researchers are rarely, if ever, certain of outcomes.
8. Always use specific references to time. Vague references, such as today, recent, currently, and this,
should be avoided because some readers may not read the ADP Report until sometime in the future.
9. All paragraphs should contain 3–5 sentences that support a single idea. Many learners
inappropriately construct paragraphs containing only one or two sentences. Conversely, many
learners write long paragraphs that are composed of unrelated sentences.
10. Students often overuse the words, this researcher, when it may be more important to state what
occurred in the study. Instead of, “This researcher placed the mouse in the tub,” say “The mouse was
placed in the tub.” Focus on the action taken rather than on yourself as the performer of the action.
The use of first person may be permitted for clarity.