Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures
1| DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Hawaii’s Clean Energy Goals
Aiming for 100 percent renewable energy in Hawaii’s electricity sector by 2045 was big news in 2014 and Hawaii has
been pung those words into acon. Achieving the state’s bold commitments will require perseverance and acon –
a combinaon of hard work, innovave thinking, and connued collaboraon that disnguishes Hawaii’s clean
energy transformaon to date.
As a community of isolated islands, we drain our
economy with costly payments of billions of
dollars annually for imported fuel - dollars which
should remain in our economy to grow our
economy. We pay, yet we are richly endowed with
a wealth of natural resources. Our challenge is to
work together to accept these blessings while
balancing environmental, cultural, and economic
consideraons.
At the same me, technology and innovaon are
advancing at such a rapid pace that we share
another challenge: to foresee the advancements,
even on a ve-year horizon. Yet, we must choose
and act with alacrity if we are to be the
beneciaries of these advances, or else remain locked in obsolete infrastructure and mindsets. Decisions and
choices today may prove less than ancipated tomorrow, despite doing as much due diligence as possible to migate
less than stellar outcomes. Nevertheless, decisions must be made today, as best that we are able, given the best that
we have. When outcomes are not exactly as we ancipated, we must all connue to work together and look to the
future.
We have met our challenges head on with determinaon and commitment. We have many more challenges before
us. By commitment and connued collaboraon, we shape our energy future.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY PORTFOLIO STANDARDS
The energy eciency porolio standards (HRS 269-96) mandates a 4,300-gigawa-hour reducon in electricity use
by 2030 through eciency and conservaon measures. Hawaii surpassed its 2015 interim energy eciency porolio
standards target thanks in part to the robust issuance of energy performance contracts.
RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS
The renewable porolio standards (HRS 269-92) mandates 100 percent renewable energy in the electricity sector by
2045. In 2017, the renewable porolio standards stood at 27.6 percent, more than 12 percent ahead of the interim
statutory 2015 target of 15 percent.
2 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Hawaii Energy Overview
Hawaii depends more on petroleum for its energy needs than any other state. Less than 1% of electricity in the
United States is generated using oil. By contrast, Hawaii relied on oil for 67.3% and on coal for 15.1% of its electricity
generaon in 2015.
1
Hawaii’s electricity prices are more than double the U.S. average.
Hawaii Electricity Producon by Source (2015) U.S. Electricity Producon by Source (2015)
ELECTRIC UTILITES
In Hawaii, both electricity and gasoline prices correlate closely with the price of petroleum. This graph shows the
prices of crude oil, gasoline, and electricity.
2
Hawaii Energy Overview
3 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Electricity producon and motor gasoline are just part of Hawaii’s fossil fuel usage. Large quanes of jet fuel are
also used in the state. In Hawaii, the air transportaon sector accounts for the highest percentage of petroleum use,
followed by ground transportaon and electricity producon, with the remainder used for marine transportaon,
commercial, industrial and residenal uses.
3
The gure below represents 2016 petroleum use, as reported by the U.S.
Energy Informaon Administraon (EIA).
2017 total foreign crude oil imports
(million barrels)
4
25.9
2017 fuel for electricity producon
(million gallons)
5
380
2017 total foreign petroleum imports
(million gallons)
6
1,442
2017 impacted foreign fuel for air
transportaon (i.e. jet fuel) (million gallons)
7
269
2017 Hawaii’s rank among 50 states for
energy prices
8
1
2017 fuel for ground transportaon
(million gallons)
9
516
4 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY USE, RATES, AND MONTHLY BILLS
In general, the residenal electricity use, rates, and bills have declined since 2011.
Hawaii Energy Overview
The two primary electric ulies that service the power needs
of the state are Hawaiian Electric Industries Inc. (HEI) and Kauai
Island Ulity Cooperave (KIUC).
HEI is the largest supplier of electricity in the state and serves
the majority of Hawaii’s populaon. Under HEI are three
electric ulies: Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. (HECO) serves
Oahu; Maui Electric Company, Limited (MECO) serves Maui,
Molokai, and Lanai; and Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc.
(HELCO) serves Hawaii Island.
KIUC operates as a cooperave and is not structured in the
same manner as HEI. However, both companies are commied
to the adopon and integraon of renewable sources of energy in the eort to reduce the state’s dependency on oil
and both are regulated by the Public Ulies Commission (PUC).
RESIDENTIAL, AVERAGE MONTHLY USE (KWH)
Year State Total Oahu Hawaii Kauai Lanai Maui Molokai
2011 584 609 520 473 435 612 373
2012 543 561 494 465 413 574 345
2013 514 523 473 464 430 557 329
2014 496 501 458 464 443 545 312
2015 497 504 454 474 424 541 306
2016 484 488 450 478 425 517 312
2017 482 486 451 491 417 510 324
Source: State of Hawaii Data Book
RESIDENTIAL, AVERAGE RATE ($/KWH)
Year State Total Oahu Hawaii Kauai Lanai Maui Molokai
2011 $0.35 $0.32 $0.42 $0.43 $0.44 $0.36 $0.43
2012 $0.37 $0.35 $0.42 $0.45 $0.47 $0.39 $0.46
2013 $0.37 $0.35 $0.42 $0.44 $0.46 $0.38 $0.46
2014 $0.37 $0.35 $0.42 $0.43 $0.46 $0.38 $0.47
2015 $0.30 $0.28 $0.35 $0.34 $0.38 $0.31 $0.38
2016 $0.28 $0.26 $0.32 $0.34 $0.34 $0.29 $0.33
2017 $0.30 $0.28 $0.34 $0.35 $0.36 $0.31 $0.36
Source: State of Hawaii Data Book
5 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
COMPETITIVE BIDDING
Hawaii Energy Overview
RESIDENTIAL, AVERAGE MONTHLY BILL
Year State Total Oahu Hawaii Kauai Lanai Maui Molokai
2011 $202 $195 $218 $205 $192 $219 $161
2012 $203 $197 $210 $209 $192 $222 $159
2013 $189 $181 $199 $205 $199 $211 $153
2014 $185 $178 $192 $199 $203 $206 $147
2015 $149 $141 $157 $163 $159 $168 $115
2016 $135 $127 $142 $163 $142 $147 $102
2017 $145 $137 $154 $170 $150 $157 $115
Source: State of Hawaii Data Book
Hawaii’s electric ulies deliver electricity generated with their own units as well as power generated by
Independent Power Producers (IPPs). If new or replacement generaon is required, HECO, MECO, and HELCO are
required to follow the “Compeve Bidding Framework” for new generaon with capacies greater than 5 MW
(Oahu) or 2.72 MW (MECO, HELCO), or receive a waiver of the compeve bidding requirements from the Hawaii
Public Ulies Commission (PUC). As noted on HECO’s Compeve Bidding for New Generaon webpage, current
procurement acvies include:
Oahu Variable Renewable Dispatchable Generaon RFP: On June 6, 2016 HECO requested that the PUC open a
docket and appoint an Independent Observer to allow HECO to solicit proposals for new renewable energy
generaon to be in service by the end of 2020, consistent with the Five-Year Acon Plan proposed in HECO’s Power
Supply Improvement Plan (PSIP) update report led with the PUC on April 1, 2016. PUC opened the related docket
number 2017-0352 on October 6, 2017. Subsequently, PUC issued order 35286 approving with certain modicaons
HECO’s Proposed Final Variable Request for Proposals (RFP). HECO’s nal Proposed Final Variable Request for
Proposals were then led with the PUC on February 27, 2018. Specically, HECO’s RFP is solicing for a total amount
of variable renewable dispatchable generaon of 485,000 megawa hours (“MWh”) annually delivered to Oahu,
over a preferred term of 20 years. Bids were due on April 30, 2018. The RFP process in ongoing.
Hawaii Island Variable Renewable Dispatchable Generaon RFP: On June 6, 2017 HELCO requested that the PUC
open a docket and appoint an Independent Observer to allow HECO to solicit proposals for new renewable energy
generaon to be in service by the end of 2020, consistent with the Near-Term Resource Plan proposed in HELCO’s
PSIP update report led with the PUC in December of 2016. PUC opened the related docket number 2017-0352 on
October 6, 2017. Subsequently, PUC issued order 35286 approving with certain modicaons HELCO’s Proposed
Final Variable Request for Proposals (RFP). HELCO’s nal Proposed Final Variable Request for Proposals were then
led with the PUC on February 27, 2018. Specically, HELCO’s RFP is solicing for a total amount of variable
renewable dispatchable generaon of 95,000 megawa hours (“MWh”) annually delivered to the Island of Hawaii,
over a preferred term of 20 years. Bids were due on April 30, 2018. The RFP process in ongoing.
Maui Variable Renewable Dispatchable Generaon RFP: On June 6, 2017 MECO requested that the PUC open a
docket and appoint an Independent Observer to allow HECO to solicit proposals for new renewable energy
generaon to be in service by the end of 2020, consistent with the Near-Term Resource Plan proposed in MECO’s
PSIP update report led with the PUC in December of 2016. PUC opened the related docket number 2017-0352 on
October 6, 2017. Subsequently, PUC issued order 35286 approving with certain modicaons MECO’s Proposed
Final Variable Request for Proposals (RFP). MECO’s nal Proposed Final Variable Request for Proposals were then
led with the PUC on February 27, 2018. Specically, MECO’s RFP is solicing for a total amount of variable
renewable dispatchable generaon of 270,000 megawa hours (“MWh”) annually delivered to Maui, over a
preferred term of 20 years. Bids were due on April 30, 2018. The RFP process in ongoing.
6 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
NET ENERGY METERING (NEM)
NEM is now closed to new applicants. Previously, the NEM program was available to permanent customers who own
(or lease from a third party) a solar energy generang facility, that was located on their own property, and had a
capacity of 100 kWh or less. Under the NEM program:
• Customers receive a credit at retail rate for electricity exported to the grid.
• If a customer uses more electricity than is exported (net-consumer), the customer is charged for that net
amount of electricity used.
• If a customer exports more electricity than is used (net-producer), the customer is charged a minimum bill (e.g.
$17 for Oahu residenal customers), and is allowed to carry any excess credits forward to the next month.
• At the end of the customer’s 12-month billing cycle any excess credit are forfeited or used to reimburse any
energy charges previously paid.
CUSTOMER GRID-SUPPLY (CGS)
Hawaii Energy Overview
When the PUC established this interim program, they established a cap for each of the HECO Companies’ service
territories: 25 MWac for HECO, 5 MWac for MECO, and 5 MWac for HELCO. These caps were established as the PUC
concluded that it was not in the public interest to allow unconstrained growth in the grid-supply opon, parcularly
if such growth comes at the expense of future opportunies to acquire even lower-cost renewable energy from
other sources, or prevents the HECO Companies from oering community-based renewable energy opons for their
customers. By September 2016, all three HECO Companies met their designated cap limits.
Subsequently, addional capacity was added to CGS from capacity available from Net Energy Metering applicaons
that were cancelled or withdrawn.
* As of Nov. 7, 2017, the CGS program reached the total capacity alloed.
** Includes Maui, Molokai and Lanai
Program Capacity Remaining
Island Original Capacity MWac Added Capacity Total Capacity MWac*
Hawaiian Electric 25.00 26.31 51.31
Maui Electric** 5.00 9.12 14.12
Hawaii Electric Light 5.00 4.91 9.91
Maui Firm Capacity Renewable Dispatchable Generaon RFP: On May 5, 2016, Maui Electric Company asked the
PUC requested that the PUC open a docket to begin the process of acquiring approximately 40 megawas (MW) of
dispatchable, rm generaon - about 20 MW from renewable resources and 20 MW from fuel-exible resources - by
2022. On October 6, 2017, the PUC issued Order No. 34856 opening docket number 2017-0352 to receive lings
related to the Hawaiian Electric Companies' (Companies) plans to proceed with compeve procurement to acquire
rm generaon and new renewable generaon. In accordance with Order No. 34856, on October 23, 2017, the
Companies submied a Dra Firm Capacity Renewable Dispatchable Generaon RFP, Dra Variable Renewable
Dispatchable Generaon RFP, and respecve supporng documentaon to the commission for their review. On
January 12, 2018, the PUC issued Order No. 35224 "Providing Guidance on the Hawaiian Electric Companies'
Proposed Request for Proposals for Dispatchable and Renewable Generaon." The Order appoints Independent
Observers (IO) and advises that further guidance from the PUC and IO regarding the Maui Firm Capacity Renewable
Dispatchable Generaon RFP will be provided in the rst quarter of 2018.
COMPETITIVE BIDDING (con’t)
7 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
CUSTOMER GRID-SUPPLY PLUS (CGS+)
Hawaii Energy Overview
Fixed Rates for Electricity Exported to the Grid Under the CGS Program
Island Credit
***
Oahu 15.07¢/kWh
Hawaii 15.14¢/kWh
Maui 17.16¢/kWh
Molokai 24.07¢/kWh
Lanai 27.88¢/kWh
***
Export credits may only be used during the month they are generated. Excess monthly credits expire with the ulity
cost reducons beneng all customers.
The CGS+ program is the next iteraon of the original CGS program. Similar to CGS program, the CGS+ program
allows customers to install private rooop solar or other renewables that export energy to the electric grid
throughout the day. However, the CGS+ program does dier from the CGS program:
• The CGS+ requires the use of equipment that allows the ulity to manage output to maintain safe, reliable grid
operaons.
• The CGS+ program changed the export rates to the following xed rates through October 20, 2022:
• The CGS+ program has capacity limits that varies by ulity and will remain open unl the following installed
capacity is reached:
CUSTOMER SELF-SUPPLY (CSS)
The CSS program is intended only for private rooop solar installaons that are designed to not export any electricity
to the grid. Customers are not compensated for any export of energy.
CSS systems are also eligible for expedited review and approval of applicaons in areas with high levels of PV. Under
the CSS program:
• Customers are not compensated for electricity exported to the grid.
• Customers pay for the amount of electricity used from the grid.
• A residenal customer is charged a minimum monthly bill of $25 for residenal customers.
STANDARD INTERCONNECTION AGREEMENT (SIA)
All permanent customers are eligible to interconnect a renewable or non-renewable energy generang facility
through the SIA program. These systems are not compensated for any power exported to the grid, and in some
cases, are restricted from exporng power. Lastly, there are no capacity restricons for SIA systems.
8 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Hawaii Energy Overview
SMART EXPORT
Smart Export allows customers to install a private rooop solar or other renewable system and a baery energy
storage system. Customers are expected to charge the baery storage system from the rooop solar or other
renewable system during the daylight hours (9:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.) and use that energy to power their home in the
evening.
However, customers are able to receive a credit for any energy exported to the grid during the evening, overnight
and early morning hours. Energy exported to the grid during the daylight hours is not compensated. Under Smart
Export, customers receive a monthly bill credit for energy delivered to the grid, which helps to oset the cost of
energy pulled from the grid when the customer’s system is not producing enough energy to meet the household
demand. The export credit is xed through October 22, 2022.
*
Export credits will be trued-up on an annual basis and any remaining credits le over at the end of the year will expire
with the ulity cost reducon beneng customers.
QUICK COMPARISON OF HECO’S EXISTING CUSTOMER RENEWABLE PROGRAMS
*
Standard retail rates applied for energy used when rooop solar or other renewable system is not exporng to the grid.
Customers on rates other than retail should contact us to verify whether those opons will apply in coordinaon with these
programs.
**
Customer Grid-Supply remains open unl installed capacity is reached. New applicaons are placed into queue for
processing if and when space in the program becomes available. There is no guarantee that space will become available.
New applicaons may be submied via mail and are not supported in the Customer Interconnecon Tool.
9 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
FEED-IN TARIFF (FIT)
The FIT queue is now closed. Prior to this, renewable electricity suppliers with generators smaller than 5 MW were
eligible to parcipate in the HECO Companies’ FIT Program, supplying as-available power to the ulity at constant,
contracted rates over 20 years.
Hawaii Energy Overview
Hawaiian Electric Companies' Feed-in Tari Rates
Tier Island
Photovoltaics (PV)
Concentrang Solar
Power (CSP)
On-Shore Wind In-line Hydro
Rate (¢/
kWh)
Size Limit
Rate (¢/
kWh)
Size Limit
Rate (¢/
kWh)
Size Limit
Rate (¢/
kWh)
Size Limit
1 All
21.8
*
27.4
**
20 kW
26.9
*
33.1
**
20 kW 16.1 20 kW 21.3 20 kW
,2
Oahu
18.9
*
23.8
**
500 kW
25.4
*
27.5
**
500 kW
13.8 100 kW 18.9 100 kW
Maui &
Hawaii
250 kW 500 kW
Lanai &
Molokai
100 kW 100 kW
3
Oahu
19.7
*
23.6
**
5 MW
31.5
*
33.5
**
5 MW 12.0 5 MW -- --
Maui &
Hawaii
2.72 MW 2.72 MW -- -- -- --
*
With tax credit of 35%
**
With tax rebate of 24.5%
FIT aggregate limits: Oahu 60 MW; Hawaii Island 10 MW; Maui, Lanai, Molokai (combined) 10 MW
In December 2014, the PUC accepted HECO and the Independent Observer's joint plan to administer the FIT queues. Future revisions or
modicaons to the FIT Program will be addressed in Docket No. 2014-0192 or 2014-0183.
Energy Efficiency
10 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
ENERGY EFFICIENCY PORTFOLIO STANDARDS (EEPS)
Under HRS 269-96, the EEPS statute, the Public Ulies Commission is responsible for establishing standards that will
maximize cost-eecve energy-eciency programs and technologies. The goal for EEPS is a reducon of electricity
consumpon by 4,300 gigawa-hours by 2030. To assist with the planning for the achievement of EEPS, HSEO held a
second Hawaii Clean Energy Iniave Energy Eciency Charree on September 26 and 27, 2017. The objecve of the
charrees is to give stakeholders a forum to discuss how we can support the achievement of greater energy eciency
than the current programs and plans support. The second charree built on the discussion from the previous charree
which included an update of energy eciency in Hawaii, insights about energy eciency programs throughout the U.S.,
and the importance or public engagement, collaboraon, and coordinaon to help the state achieve its energy
eciency goals.
Energy Performance Contracts
Energy Performance Contracts (EPC) nance improvements that reduce energy and water use with the future savings
from the energy conservaon measures (ECM) that are installed. ECM also include photovoltaic installaons.
Under an EPC, the energy service company contracted to install the ECM will guarantee the savings or pay for the
shorall. EPC allow government agencies to maximize their energy investments because they can include deferred
maintenance and performance period maintenance services under a single contract with guaranteed savings
measures. The economic impacts of performance contracts are signicant, providing great value to the state.
Performance contracts allows agencies to install ECM in a mely manner. ECM can take less than one year to up to
three years to install. Therefore, energy savings occur sooner than later. Capital improvement projects can take from
six to 10 years, resulng in missed opportunies for annual energy and water use savings. State and county agencies
face increasing energy and water costs and the need to upgrade aging, inecient, and obsolete energy- and water-
consuming equipment. Capital improvement and operang budgets have been unable to keep up with the needed
upgrades for ECM.
Hawaii surpassed the half-billion-dollar mark for investment in EPC in 2017. With $507.1 million in signed EPC to date,
Hawaii became just the seventh state naonally to eclipse the half-billion-dollar threshold for EPC investment.
“Hawaii has long been the naonal leader for its investment in performance contracng projects on a per capita basis.
But now they have joined a handful of states in the exclusive half-billion club for total investment in energy saving
projects,” said Jim Arwood, execuve director of the Energy Services Coalion. “Other members include the states of
Washington, Ohio, Kentucky, North Carolina, Colorado and Massachuses.”
Hawaii Energy (HE) connues to be a major contributor to the state’s EEPS goals. Hawaii
Energy encourages and rewards smart energy decisions which will allow our state to reach
100 percent clean energy faster and cheaper through energy eciency and conservaon. As
the Public Benet Fee Administrator, HE serves all of the islands except for Kauai. From July
1, 2017 through March 31, 2018, the program invested over $22 million to deliver more than
1.8 billion kWh in esmated lifeme customer-level energy savings at a rough cost of
one-cent per kWh. This is the equivalent to building a 92 MW solar farm, enough to power
288,000 homes for a year. In addion, this will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by nearly
1.5 million tons.
Energy Performance Contracts
11 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
RACE TO THE TOP AWARD
For six consecuve years, Hawaii has garnered further naonal recognion with the Race to the
Top award from the Energy Services Coalion (ESC)
*
. The award is given to the naonal leader
with the highest per capita investment in performance contracng projects. With the Department
of Transportaon, Airports Division, performance contract for nearly $209.8 million, ESC
recognizes Hawaii with the disncon of signing the single largest performance contract by a state
agency. Since 2012 through 2017 the ESC has awarded Hawaii the Race to the Top award for its
per-capita investment. In 2017 the ESC also recognized the State of Hawaii with its second Energy
Stewardship Champion award for outstanding accomplishments leveraging performance
contracng to achieve infrastructure modernizaon, environmental stewardship, and economic development.
“Guaranteed energy savings performance contracng (GESPC) is a nancial strategy leveraging guaranteed future
energy savings to pay for energy eciency upgrades today,” said Jim Arwood, ESC Execuve Director. "Hawaii has
achieved considerable recent success in support of implemenng energy eciency projects in public buildings through
the use of a GESPC.”
Since HSEO started the performance contracng program in 1996, state and local government agencies have signed a
total of over $507 million in performance contracts that are esmated to save in excess of $1.1 billion over the life of
the contracts. These savings are the equivalent of powering 388,210 homes for one year. The projects comprise over
112 million square feet in 295 exisng buildings or facilies.
*
ESC is a naonal nonprot organizaon of experts working together to increase energy eciency and building upgrades through
energy performance contracng.
Energy Services Coalion Ranking
State Populaon Performance Contracng Dollars per Capita
1. Hawaii 1,360,301 $507,133,904 $372.81
2. Washington 6,724,540 $1,288,925,725 $191.67
3. Kentucky 4,339,367 $750,000,000 $172.84
4. Delaware 897,934 $138,707,463 $154.47
5. Massachuses 6,547,629 $865,349,091 $132.16
State of Hawaii Agencies Lead By Example
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STATE AND COUNTY ENERGY PERFORMANCE CONTRACTS
The chart below illustrates the number of EPC projects conducted by state and county agencies from 1996 through
2017. In addion, over $8 million in rebate incenves have been claimed from Hawaii Energy, reducing the cost of the
energy eciency improvements through performance contracng projects. Looking ahead, the state ancipates more
EPC investments.
For nearly 20 years HSEO has been leading the state’s award-winning EPC eorts with a policy oering technical
assistance to state agencies contemplang performance contracng. We’ve assisted the following enes:
• University of Hawaii at Hilo
• Hawaii Health Services Corporaon
• City and County of Honolulu’s four city buildings and Kailua Wastewater Treatment Facility
• County of Hawaii
• County of Kauai
• The Judiciary
• Department of Accounng and General Services (DAGS)-Phase I-10 large oce buildings
• University of Hawaii Community Colleges
• Department of Public Safety’s four large facilies
• Department of Transportaon: Airports, Highways and Harbors
• DAGS Phase II - 33 buildings
• Honolulu Board of Water Supply
Agency Year(s) Contract Amount ($) Esmated Savings Over Life
of Contract ($)
U.H. Hilo 1996-2012 $6,402,695 $14,630,066
County of Hawaii 1997-2026 $2,215,546 $8,157,880
County of Kauai 1998-2012 $525,965 $1,205,990
C&C of Honolulu 2001-2025 $11,900,205 $36,066,761
Hawaii Health Systems Corporaon 2002-2022 $21,936,997 $55,766,364
Judiciary 2003-2012 $1,474,406 $9,785,036
Dept. of Accounng & General
Services Phase I
2009-2029 $36,873,266 $72,580,767
Department of Public Safety 2010-2030 $25,511,264 $57,211,112
University of Hawaii Community
Colleges
2012-2032 $34,207,392 $37,000,000
C&C Honolulu Kailua Wastewater
Treatment Plant
2013-2033 $6,054,178 $13,693,910
Dept. of Accounng and General
Services Phase II
2013-2033 $17,400,000 $28,000,000
Department of Transportaon 2013-2034 $309,506,592 $795,560,746
Honolulu Board of Water Supply 2016-2036 $33,125,398 $56,846,668
Total $507,133,904 $1,186,505,300
State of Hawaii Agencies Lead By Example
13 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
In 2006 legislave and execuve mandates to incorporate energy and resource eciency and conservaon in
government facilies, eets, and personnel pracces gave impetus to the state’s Lead by Example (LBE) iniave to put
state agencies at the forefront of energy independence eorts. As shown in the graph below, Hawaii state agencies’
electricity purchased through 2017 has declined 9.0 percent from 2005 (the baseline year). Due to sta reducons,
HSEO will no longer provide a special report on LBE, but we will connue to track and report electricity use by state
agencies.
Comparison of State Agencies’ Electricity Purchased in kWh: FY05 to FY17
The types of technical assistance oered, pending funding, include:
1. Assisng an agency in compiling building plans and other informaon to use in solicitaons
2. Reviewing dra solicitaons
3. Evaluang proposed energy conservaon measures, including renewable and water eciency measures
4. Seng energy performance baselines
5. Reviewing methods for esmang energy savings (including formulas and simulaon models); measurement and
vericaon
6. Reviewing investment grade energy audits
7. Reviewing dra contract documents
8. Advising on commissioning
9. Advising on how project risks can be allocated and minimized for the state agency
State of Hawaii Agencies Lead By Example
AG
DAGS
DBEDT
DCCA
DHHL
DHS
DLIR
DLNR
DOA
DOD
DOE
DOH
Department of the Attorney General
Department of Accounting and General Services
Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism
Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs
Department of Hawaiian Home Lands
Department of Human Services
Department of Labor and Industrial Relations
Department of Land and Natural Resources
Department of Agriculture
Department of Defense
Department of Education
Department of Health
DOT Airports Department of Transportation/Airports Division
DOT Harbors Department of Transportation/Harbors Division
DOT Highways Department of Transportation/Highways Division
FTZ Foreign-Trade Zone Division
HCDA Hawaii Community Development Authority
HHFDC Hawaii Housing Finance & Development Corporation
HHSC Hawaii Health Systems Corporation
HPHA Hawaii Public Housing Authority
HSPLS Hawaii State Public Library System
HTA-CC Hawaii Tourism Authority – Convention Center
NELHA Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority
PSD Department of Public Safety
UH University of Hawaii
14 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Comparison of kWh Purchased by Agency by Year
15 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
State of Hawaii Agencies Lead By Example
Statewide Electricity Purchased Since 2005
Percentage change in electricity purchased, from baseline (2005) and each following year. Shown are the price of oil,
the average retail price of electricity
*
, total statewide electricity costs and electricity purchased (kWh).
Since 1996, state agencies have received nearly $11.9 million in eciency rebates from Hawaii Energy, the Hawaiian
Electric Company and its subsidiaries. Combined, these rebates have resulted in more than $250 million esmated
cumulave dollar savings and 1.3 billion kWh electricity savings. Over the life of the equipment, these savings would
be enough to power about 208,000 households for a year. From June 2017 through March 2018, state agencies
received $424,700 in rebates.
*
Based on U.S. Energy Informaon Administraon‐826 reporng, dividing ulity total revenues by total kWh sold, including fuel
adjustment cost.
State Energy Building Code Update
Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED)
16 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
On July 14, 2015, the State Building Code Council (SBCC) unanimously
voted to adopt the Internaonal Energy Conservaon Code (IECC) 2015,
with the Tropical Climate Zone Code for residenal dwellings and other
amendments appropriate for Hawaii’s climate. Aer a public hearing
which garnered full support of IECC 2015, Gov. Ige signed and approved
IECC 2015 on March 20, 2017, to adopt Chapter 3-181.1, into Hawaii
Administrave Rules.
HSEO serves on the SBCC, which was established by statute to update
building codes. HSEO provided IECC 2015 technical assistance and sta
training for 310 private and public-sector design professionals and
county building ocials. HSEO also will tesfy in support of IECC 2015 when the county councils hold public hearings
on their adopon.
The esmated net savings from the 2015 IECC with Hawaii amendments is 12,962 MWh in 2019, 1,083,590 MWh in
2029 (year 10), 1,991,059 MWh in 2032 and 4,702,738 MWh in 2038 (year 20). These savings could power 732,514
homes in 2038, assuming the code is adopted by all counes.
Commercial Code Savings: Commercial buildings would achieve a 35-40 percent energy saving by adopng the base
2015 IECC with references to ASHRAE 90.1-2013 (compared to 2006 HEC with references to ASHRAE 90.1-2004).
Amendments under consideraon by HSEO will further increase potenal energy savings.
Residenal Code Savings: Fully condioned 2015 IECC residences would achieve a 6 to 9 percent improvement in
energy eciency.
HSEO’s website has more informaon on the updated energy code at energy.hawaii.gov/hawaii-energy-building-code,
including a report on the analysis of the code amendments, FAQs gathered from the various training sessions
statewide, presentaon webinars, fact sheets and a report forecasng the energy savings for the updated code.
The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) released its State Market Briefs. The brief highlights the
number of LEED cered and registered projects in the state, as well as the gross square footage.
As of May 2018, Hawaii has 185 LEED cered projects and 245 registered projects. This totals 430
total projects for a gross square footage of over 50 million gross square feet. Ulizing less energy
and water, LEED-cered spaces save money for families, businesses and taxpayers; reduce carbon
emissions; and contribute to a healthier environment for residents, workers and the larger
community. The cered buildings included numerous private developments, as well as federal,
state, and county public buildings.
HSEO remains a member of the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), the non-prot enty which administers the LEED
program. In 2018, Hawaii was back among the top 10 states for LEED cered project square footage per capita. With
4.5 million LEED-cered gross square footage, Hawaii rated 4
th
highest state in the U.S. this year.
The state requires all new construcon and major renovaon to meet LEED Silver standards, to the extent possible.
HSEO connues to promote LEED training opportunies for state agency sta. Hookele Elementary School and the
Moana Surfrider, Sheraton Waikiki, and The Royal Hawaiian were recently LEED-cered.
Hawaii Green Business Program
ENERGY STAR
®
Buildings
To help idenfy energy eciency investment priories, agencies and private sector building owners and managers can
benchmark buildings to compare energy usage with other buildings in their porolio or similar buildings naonally. If a
building’s performance, as reected in its ENERGY STAR score, ranks in the top 25 percent of all buildings of its type, it
can be cered as an ENERGY STAR building.
To qualify for cercaon, a building must meet ENERGY STAR requirements as veried by a licensed professional
engineer or architect. The U.S. Environmental Protecon Agency (EPA) then evaluates the vericaon submied and, if
approved, will ocially cerfy the applicant as an ENERGY STAR building. Since 2000, 170 Hawaii buildings have
received the ENERGY STAR cercaon, including 103 public and 67 private buildings. During this me, HSEO has
helped benchmark 83 state facilies. Because energy use is constant, buildings should be veried and cered as
ENERGY STAR annually to ensure opmum eciency.
17 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Hawaii’s businesses are also contribung to the clean energy movement by
improving their operaons in an environmentally, culturally and socially
responsible manner. To help businesses implement energy and resource
eciency pracces, the state set up the Hawaii Green Business Program as a
partnership between HSEO, the Department of Health, the Board of Water
Supply and the Chamber of Commerce of Hawaii. When businesses embrace
green business pracces, they don’t just enjoy ulity cost savings – they also
contribute to Hawaii’s collecve energy independence goals and, ulmately, a
more sustainable environment.
From 2009-2017, over 100 business and government enes have beneted from the program, including sectors such
as hospitality, commercial oce, retail, restaurant, food services, grocery, venue and green events. Their savings
amounts to:
• 22.7 million kWh of energy (equivalent to powering 3,531 homes for one year in Hawaii)
• 203.2 million gallons of water
• $6.4 million in energy costs
For more informaon on the Hawaii Green Business Program, visit greenbusiness.hawaii.gov
Renewable Energy
18 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
As dened by Secon 269-91 Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), “renewable energy” means energy generated or
produced using the following sources:
• Wind;
• Sun;
• Falling water;
• Biogas, including landll and sewage-based digester gas;
• Geothermal;
• Ocean water, currents, and waves, including ocean thermal energy conversion;
• Biomass, including biomass crops, agricultural and animal residues and wastes, and municipal solid waste and
other solid waste;
• Biofuels; and
• Hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources.
19 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Renewable Energy
RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS (RPS)
As required by Secon 269-92 HRS, each electric ulity company that sells electricity for consumpon in Hawaii shall
establish a renewable porolio standard of:
• 30% of its net electricity sales by December 31, 2020;
• 40% of its net electricity sales by December 31, 2030;
• 70% of its net electricity sales by December 31, 2040; and
• 100% of its net electricity sales by December 31, 2045.
Where “renewable porolio standard” means the percentage of electrical energy sales that is represented by
renewable electrical energy (Sec 269-91 HRS). Beginning January 1, 2015, renewable electrical energy generated by
the ulity, independent power producers, and customer-sited, grid-connected sources are counted towards their
RPS. While electrical savings from energy eciency and solar water heang are not.
Each electric ulity is also required to le an annual RPS status report to the PUC (Docket No. 2007-2008). Instead of
ling individual RPS’s for each company, the HECO Companies opt to consolidate their RPS’s.
20 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Renewable Energy
21 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Renewable Energy
HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC COMPANIES KEY METRICS
The Hawaiian Electric Companies provide various key performance metrics on their website, two of these metrics are
System Renewable Energy and Total Renewable Energy.
System Renewable Energy (System RE)
The System Renewable Energy metric diers from the Renewable Porolio Standard because it esmates the
percent of total net generaon that is represented by renewable energy rather than being based on sales and does
not include customer-sited renewable generaon. Net generaon is the amount of electricity generated and
transmied to the ulity grid from the source (i.e., power plant). Generaon from independent power producers
(“IPPs”) and ulity power plants is recorded at the net generaon level. Sales are lower than the net generaon due
to losses in transming the electricity from the source to the customers. Therefore, the System Renewable Energy
will result in values lower than the RPS since customer-sited renewable generaon is not included and net
generaon is used instead of sales. The charts below show the results for the Companies on a consolidated and
individual basis.
Total Renewable Energy (Total RE)
The Total RE metric diers from the RPS because it is based on total energy and not sales. The Total RE metric is the
total renewable generaon provided by independent power producers, the ulity, and esmates for customer-sited,
grid-connected renewable energy, divided by the total generaon provided by independent power producers, the
ulity, and esmates for customer-sited, grid-connected renewable energy.
Bioenergy
22 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
“Bioenergy” includes both electricity generaon and fuel producon from biomass.
Biomass is plant and animal maer, including energy crops, wood, grasses, algae, vegetable oils, and agricultural and
municipal wastes. Bioenergy producon potenal in Hawaii depends on the availability of land and feedstock; CO
2
sources (for algae); markets and values for primary products (electricity, fuels) and by-products (animal feed); and
overall revenues compared to costs.
“Biofuel” somemes is used interchangeably with bioenergy, however biofuels is more commonly used specically to
describe liquid bioenergy fuels. Biofuels are a renewable energy source that can be stored and transported in a
manner similar to fossil fuels, can oen be used in exisng equipment and be blended with petroleum fuels. One ton
of biomass replaces approximately one barrel of oil.
Since biodiesel fuel imports for electricity producon began in 2010, the relave cost of the imported biodiesel fuel
has been signicantly higher than for the fossil-based fuels used for electricity generaon in Hawaii.
DBEDT 2012 BIOFUEL REPORT
In December 2012, and in accordance with Act 203, Session Laws of Hawaii, 2011, the Hawaii State Department of
Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT) provided a nal report to the state Legislature, Biofuels
Study. The following were taken from this report.
Hawaii’s energy systems are highly dependent on liquid fuels. Petroleum is used for electricity producon; ground,
air, and marine transportaon; military acvies; and other needs. Each year, Hawaii uses between 1.7 and 2.2
billion gallons of liquid petroleum fuels (fuel oil, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, bunker fuels, and others). These needs
could be met by a combinaon of petroleum-based and renewable fuels (i.e. biofuels).
The materials (feedstocks) that could be used for biofuel producon include sugars (from plants such as sugarcane or
sweet sorghum); starch (such as from corn or cassava); ber (from grasses, trees, husks, stalks, bers from oilseeds,
and from waste materials such as paper, sawdust, or other organic materials); and oil (such as jatropha, kukui,
microalgae, soybean, peanut, sunower, oil palm, or waste cooking oil).
23 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Bioenergy
Acve Bioenergy Facilies
CURRENT PRODUCTION
Geothermal
The State of Hawaii has one operang geothermal power plant: the 38 megawa (MW) Puna Geothermal Venture
(PGV) facility owned and operated by Ormat Technologies and located in Pahoa on the eastside of Hawaii island. PGV
began operang in 1993 at 25 MW and was expanded in 2011 to its current capacity of 38 MW. With its latest
expansion, PGV became the world’s rst integrated combined cycle power plant capable of providing both baseload
power to the grid and dispatchable power that supports the integraon of other intermient (uctuang) renewable
energy sources on Hawaii island (wind, solar, hydropower). PGV extracts steam and hot uids from producon wells
deep beneath the earth’s surface – a mile or more – and converts the steam into energy through heat exchangers
and steam turbine generators. Reuse of the steam in a closed loop system maximizes the energy output of the
extracted steam and uids, and minimizes plant emissions under normal operang condions. Aer use, the exhaust
steam and uids are re-injected into the ground via injecon wells at similar depths as the producon wells. PGV
uses air to cool its turbines, which eliminates the need to use and dispose of water for cooling purposes. In 2017,
PGV produced 322.6 gigawa-hours (GWh), which is enough to power 55,545 average Hawaii homes a year and
constutes 30.8% of all energy used on Hawaii island and 3.7% of all energy used throughout the state (Hawaiian
Electric Companies’ 2017 Renewable Porolio Standard Status Report). PGV was shut down in May 2018 due to the
volcanic erupon of Kilauea. At me of this print, PGV’s future status remains unknown due to the acve lava ows
in the project area.
Technology Project Name Capacity Island Locaon
Biofuel Kauai Algae Farm Demonstraon Kauai Lihue
Biofuel
Honolulu Internaonal Airport
Dispatchable Standby Generaon Project
10 MW Oahu Honolulu
Biofuel Pacic Biodiesel Honolulu Plant 1 MGY Oahu Honolulu
Biofuel
HECO Campbell Industrial Park Generang
Staon
110 MW Oahu Kapolei
Biofuel
Pacic Biodiesel Biofuel Crop
Demonstraon Project
Feedstock
Demonstraon
Maui Central Valley
Biofuel Cellana Algae Kona Demonstraon Facility Demonstraon Hawaii Kailua-Kona
Biofuel Big Island Biodiesel 5 MGY Hawaii Keaau
Biofuel Hawaii Pure Plant Oil Demonstraon Hawaii Keaau
Biomass Green Energy Biomass-to-Energy Facility 6.7 MW Kauai Koloa
Biomass HC&S Co-Generaon Facility 16 MW Maui Puunene
Waste-to-Energy
Hawaii Air Naonal Guard Waste-to-
Energy Microgrid System Demonstraon
Demonstraon Oahu
Joint Base Pearl
Harbor-Hickam
Waste-to-Energy HPOWER 88 MW Oahu
Kapolei (Campbell
Industrial Park)
Waste-to-Energy
PVT Bioconversion Feedstock Processing
Facility
Feedstock
Producon
Oahu Nanakuli
Source: Hawaii State Energy Oce, Renewable Energy Projects Directory
Geothermal
24 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
STATUS OF COMPETITIVE SOLICITATION
In October 2017, Maui County’s electric ulity, Maui Electric Company (MECO), submied to the Hawaii Public
Ulies Commission (PUC) a Dra Request for Proposals for Renewable Firm Capacity and Dispatchable Energy
Resources on the island of Maui (Maui Firm RFP), which includes geothermal. In January 2018, the PUC instructed
MECO to be prepared to iniate the Maui Firm RFP following further guidance from the PUC. The status of the Maui
Firm RFP is sll pending.
In May 2012, the Hawaii Electric Light Company (HELCO) iniated a compeve bidding procedure (request for
proposals) seeking 50 MW of dispatchable geothermal rm capacity generaon; however, in February 2016, HELCO
noed the PUC and all other pares that power purchase agreement negoaons for this procurement had
concluded unsuccessfully (PUC Docket No. 2012-0092).
RESOURCE PLANNING AND POTENTIAL
Hawaiian Electric’s Power Supply Improvement Plan (PSIP) Update Report: December 2016 (PUC Docket No. 2014-
0183) forecasts 40 MW of new geothermal development on Maui by 2040 and an addional 40 MW of geothermal
on Hawaii island by 2030. Studies indicate the islands of Maui and Hawaii combined have a minimum potenal
geothermal capacity of 525 MW, with a more likely combined capacity of 1,535 MW (GeothermEx, Inc., 2005). Other
Hawaiian islands, parcularly Kauai and Oahu, do not show as much potenal for geothermal development, but are
sll under consideraon for addional study and possible use, as are Molokai and Lanai.
Prior to PGV, the rst geothermal producon well in Hawaii was drilled in 1976 by the University of Hawaii in the
lower Kilauea East Ri Zone on the southeast side of Hawaii island: the Hawaii Geothermal Project – Well A (HGP-A).
In 1982, the U.S. Department of Energy developed a 3 MW experimental power plant at the site, which was shut
down in the late 1980s.
Puna Geothermal Venture Power Plant, Pahoa, Hawaii Island
Hawaii Play Fairway Project (Lautze, N., Geothermics 2017)
Geothermal
25 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Finally, Ormat had expressed interest in exploring on Maui around 2012, focusing on the southwest ri zone of
Haleakala, with paral funding from the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE), but nothing indicates Ormat is
proceeding (Ulupalakua Geothermal Mining Lease and Geothermal Resource Subzone Modicaon Applicaon,
2012).
RESOURCE EXPLORATON
Geothermal’s promise as a rm, cost-compeve source of baseload renewable energy connues to encourage
exploratory eorts to beer understand Hawaii’s geothermal resource potenal. Geothermal resources in Hawaii are
dicult to fully characterize without exploraon and drilling because Hawaii’s high-temperature resources – some of
the world’s hoest – are generally found deep beneath the ground surface. Typical ‘non-invasive’ exploratory data
gathering techniques used in Hawaii include: literary and oral research; magnetotellurics (MT), which uses
electromagnec signals to detect subsurface electrical conducvity; water sampling to detect chemical composion;
and, computer modeling. The Hawaii Groundwater and Geothermal Resources Center (HGGRC) catalogs much of the
completed and ongoing geothermal-related exploraons in Hawaii (hps://www.higp.hawaii.edu/hggrc/). Recently
completed surcial geophysical studies in the Saddle Road area of Hawaii island indicate the potenal presence of
geothermal and groundwater acvity in this region (Final Report: Magnetotelluric and AudioMagnetotelluric Surveys
on DHHL Lands Mauna Kea East Flank, 2016).
The ongoing Hawaii Play Fairway Project, managed by HGGRC and supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, will
provide the rst statewide geothermal resource assessment conducted since the late 1970s. Phase I, completed in
2015, involved the idencaon, compilaon, and ranking of exisng geologic, groundwater, and geophysical
datasets relevant to subsurface heat, uid, and permeability in Hawaii. Phase II, completed in 2017, involved the
collecon new groundwater data in 10 locaons across the State and new geophysical data on Lanai, Maui, and
central Hawaii island, modeling the typography of the areas of interest to beer characterize subsurface
permeability, and the development of an updated geothermal resource probability map. Phase III, which is ongoing,
involves the collecon and analysis of scienc data from exisng well sites and may include drilling of a geothermal
test well (“slim hole”) at one of the high probability locaons determined through Phases I and II. Results from the
Hawaii Play Fairway Project will also indicate areas warranng addional geothermal resource exploraon.
Geothermal
26 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
PRICING
Geothermal electricity is generally cheaper than energy produced from petroleum fuels and other forms of
renewable electricity in Hawaii. GeothermEx, Inc. esmates the levelized power cost of geothermal for a hypothecal
30 MW plant on Hawaii would be between 7¢ to 8.7¢ per kilowa-hour (kWh), with operaon and maintenance
costs between 4¢ to 6¢ per kWh and capital costs between $2,500 to $5,000 per installed kilowa (Assessment of
Energy Reserves and Costs of Geothermal Resources in Hawaii, GeothermEx, Inc., 2005). PGV sells power to HELCO at
the following cost (per kWh):
• First 25 MW: 18.8¢ on-peak, 15.9¢ o-peak
• Next 5 MW: 11.8¢
• Last 8 MW: 9¢
DIRECT USE GEOTHERMAL
While currently not used in Hawaii, direct use geothermal oers promise in areas with industrial or agricultural
processing and hot groundwater at or near the surface. Direct use geothermal systems do not generate electricity,
but extract heated groundwater for direct uses, including: large-scale pool heang; space heang, cooling, and on-
demand hot water for buildings of most sizes; district heang (i.e., heat for mulple buildings in a city); heang roads
and sidewalks to melt snow; and, some industrial and agricultural processes. Because hot water for direct use is
typically close to the surface, drilling and development capital costs are relavely small compared to deeper
geothermal systems.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH CONSIDERATONS
Geothermal energy oers some environmental benets because it can be produced with burning a fossil fuel,
produces minimal emissions and manufactured wastes if designed and regulated properly, and provides a constant
(24 hours a day) source of reliable power at around 90% output capacity. PGV’s dispatchability also enables it to
support the grid’s integraon of other sources of the renewable energy. Numerous federal, state, and county
regulaons are in place to govern geothermal developments. However, if not regulated, designed, and operated
properly, geothermal exploraon and producon technologies have the potenal to negavely impact the
surrounding environment and human populaons.
In Hawaii, concerns about geothermal’s impacts to human health and the environment are well documented and
have led to more stringent local regulaons in some cases (i.e., night-me drilling ban on Hawaii island within one
mile of nearest residence). One of the primary concerns in Hawaii is the release of hydrogen sulde, a poisonous gas
that can cause acute and chronic respiratory condions in humans and acidic environmental condions. Air
monitoring, materials handling, and other controls are required to regulate planned and unplanned emission
releases. The noise and lighng caused by drilling and plant operaons can also impact nearby communies and
oen requires migaon or avoidance measures. Also of concern is the potenal risk to groundwater from the
injecon or inadvertent release of used geothermal uids being extracted or injected back into the earth. Stringent
well operaons and drilling regulaons, treatment of these uids to match their extracon composion, and
injecon far below groundwater tables can migate this risk.
Any new geothermal developments in Hawaii would require thoughul planning, comprehensive environmental
impact analysis, and considerable community engagement prior to deciding on the viability of a given project.
CULTURAL CONSIDERATONS
The extracon and use of Hawaii’s geothermal resources, including water and volcanic materials, requires careful
consideraon of the cultural values placed on those resources and their contemporary cultural uses. The nave
religion of the Hawaiian people has many deies connected to Hawaii’s natural resources, including Pele, widely
known as the goddess of re and volcanoes. Some Nave Hawaiian religion praconers have opposed geothermal
in Hawaii for religious reasons, which is documented by a lengthy history of ligaon and administrave procedures.
Conversely, some Nave Hawaiian religion praconers view geothermal as a gi to the people of Hawaii. Any new
geothermal developments in Hawaii ought to include extensive consultaon with Nave Hawaiians and others to
idenfy and discuss cultural impact consideraons.
27 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Hydropower
Hydroelectricity was the rst renewable energy
technology used to generate electricity in Hawaii
– plants date back to 1888. Early hydroelectric
facilies were located in Honolulu, Hilo, and on
the island of Kauai. The Puueo Hydropower facility
on Wailuku River on Hawaii Island was originally
built in 1910 and remains operaonal today.
During the sugarcane era, addional hydroelectric
plants were installed to help power sugar
operaons and likely contributed to a signicant
percentage of the area populaon’s overall
energy needs. The technology is fully commercial
and reliable but is limited by uctuang water levels in Hawaii’s streams and irrigaon ditches. Due to Hawaii’s
geology, run-of-the-river and run-of-the-ditch systems, which have no dams, are the prevalent hydropower
technology.
Wailuku River Hydroelectric Power Plant, 11 MW, Hilo, Hawaii
CURRENT PRODUCTION
Small home-scale plants, commercial and municipal installaons, and
ulity-scale hydropower facilies are currently in operaon in Hawaii.
Hawaii currently has about 37 megawas (MW) of installed
hydroelectricity capacity statewide – the largest being the 11 MW Wailuku
River plant on Hawaii Island – and about 50 MW of hydroelectric projects
proposed or under development (Hawaii Renewable Energy Projects
Directory). In 2017, hydropower accounted for 0.67% of the total energy
distributed by Hawaii’s electric ulies statewide (2017 Renewable
Porolio Standard Status Reports). In 2017, hydro represented 6.9% of the
electricity used on Kauai in 2017 and 2.8% of the electricity used on the
island of Hawaii, the two islands with the most hydropower in operaon.
Another related technology is in-line hydro, which harvests energy within
water pipelines. For example, the Hawaii County Department of Water Supply (DWS) has three small in-line hydro
power plants which each have capacies of under 100 kilowas (kW). These facilies capture the energy in pipes
carrying water to DWS customers in West Hawaii.
Hawaii County Dept. of Water Supply’s 45 kW
in-line hydro plant in Kona, Hawaii
PROPOSED PRODUCTION
In October 2017, the PUC approved Hawaii Electric Light Company’s (HELCO) 2016 request to spend approximately
$6,200,000 for its proposed Waiau Hydro Repowering Project to renovate and refurbish this nearly 100 year-old
facility, which could more than double its current output. HELCO is currently seeking a 65-year water lease from the
State Board of Land and Natural Resources for the project to replace its Revocable Permit renewed through 2019,
which triggers the State environmental review process and has a watershed management plan requirement. HELCO
is also seeking an easement form the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL) for part of its diversion
infrastructure located on DHHL lands. HELCO intends to begin work to solicit proposals for work on the Waiau Hydro
Repowering Project planned to be completed by late-2020 or early-2021, but does not intend to proceed with
construcon unl water rights are approved.
Kauai Island Ulity Cooperave (KIUC) is seeking a long-term lease from the State (Department of Land and Natural
Resources) for its exisng Waiahi hydropower units. Gay & Robinson (G&R) is currently construcng a new 6 MW
hydropower expansion facility below its exisng 1.3 MW hydropower plant on the Olokele River/Makaweli Stream
watershed at the former Kaumakani Sugar Mill site. The new facility would be the rst new large-scale hydropower
plant on Kauai in 80 years. The Hawaii Public Ulies Commission (PUC) approved the power purchase agreement
(PPA) between G&R and KIUC in March 2016. The plant could be operaonal by late 2018 or early 2019 and is
esmated to increase KIUC's renewable energy generaon by about 5%.
Hydropower
28 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
HAWAII HYDROPOWER ASSESSMENTS
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE) conducted a Hydroelectric Power Assessment for the State of Hawaii in
2011, which is a feasibility study that idenes, evaluates, and recommends soluons to address the potenal
hydroelectric power needs in the State of Hawaii. USACOE studied more than 160 hydro sites and ocean energy areas
across Hawaii as part of this assessment, including the site of KIUC’s proposed pumped storage project.
PUMPED STORAGE HYDROPOWER
KIUC connues to invesgate a new 25 MW pumped storage hydropower
project on the westside of Kauai, ulizing the Puu Lua Reservoir, Puu Opae
Reservoir, and Kokee Ditch. If successful, this project could provide more
than 20% of the island’s annual electricity requirements. KIUC is currently
seeking a long-term water lease from the State (Department of Land and
Natural Resources and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands) for this
project, in addion to conducng other due diligence and complying with
other regulatory processes.
Pumped storage hydro uses a non-hydro source of electricity (e.g., wind,
solar, convenonal generaon) to pump water from one reservoir to a
second, higher reservoir. The water stored in the upper reservoir can be
released as needed, running through a turbine on the way back down and generang power like a normal
hydropower unit. Other reservoirs on Hawaii, Maui, and Oahu (Lake Wilson, Nuuanu) have also garnered aenon
for their pumped storage use potenal.
Grand River Dam Authority (GRDA) Salina
Pumped-Storage Project, Oklahoma
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
Hydropower projects have the potenal for signicant agricultural, cultural, ecological, and other impacts. Any
proposed projects with potenal to impact Hawaii’s surface waterways will undergo intense regulatory and
community scruny to ensure protecon of the impacted species and ecologies, and adequate water for
downstream users (taro and other farmers, recreaonal users). If done properly, hydropower can support and
benet the resources, water uses, and other acvies that depend upon Hawaii’s surface waters.
29 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Ocean and Marine Energy
Surrounded by the Pacic Ocean, Hawaii is rich in ocean renewable energy resources. Ocean or marine energy
includes both hydrokinec and thermal resources. Hydrokinec technologies tap the movement in the ocean—
waves, currents and des—to generate electricity. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) makes use of the
temperature dierences between warm surface waters and cold, deep ocean waters. Hawaii has superior potenal
for wave energy and OTEC, however, does not currently depend on wave or OTEC for any substanve energy
producon. Ocean current and dal resources are not as promising in Hawaii due to its relavely mild dal shis
compared to other parts of the world. Ocean energy technology connues to evolve as numerous ocean energy
research, development, and demonstraon projects are taking place in Hawaii and elsewhere in the world.
CURRENT PRODUCTION
The rst ocean wave-generated electricity ever transmied
to the grid in the United States was generated by an Ocean
Power Technologies (OPT) PowerBuoy at Kaneohe Bay in
2010. In a cooperave program with the U.S. Navy, three
OPT buoys were deployed from 2004 to 2011.
Currently, the U.S. Navy has partnered with the Hawaii
Naonal Marine Renewable Energy Center (HINMREC) at
the University of Hawaii-Manoa, one of three federally-
funded centers for marine energy research and
development in the naon, to establish a mulple-berth
deep water wave energy test site (WETS) in Kaneohe Bay,
Oahu. Located on the seaoor approximately 200-260 feet
deep, approximately 6,500-8,200 feet oshore, the purpose
of the WETS is to collect and analyze wave buoy equipment
performance (grid-connected), cost, and durability (which
will help guide industry design improvements), as well as
monitor environmental impacts from wave energy technologies (EMF, sediment, ecology). With the WETS
infrastructure secured in place, various wave energy conversion units will be connected and tested for one year or
more. According to reports, the WETS is the rst grid-connected wave test facility in the U.S. for commercial-scale
WECs. Data from the wave buoys connected to the WETS will be collected and analyzed by the US Navy, US DOE, and
UH. The rst new tenant, Northwest Energy Innovaons (NWEI), deployed its rst Azura prototype wave buoy at the
WETS 30-meter-deep berth. Other companies with wave energy devices connected to the WETS include Fred Olsen
Ltd. and Columbia Power Technologies, and Ocean Energy announced it would be connecng its 1.25 megawa
capacity OE Buoy built by Vigor to WETS in 2018.
Lifesaver Wave Energy Device connected to WETS, Kaneohe
Bay, Oahu
30 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Ocean and Marine Energy
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC)
The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) at
Keahole Point, Kona, is among the world’s premier OTEC
research centers. NELHA’s Hawaii Ocean Science and
Technology Park (HOST) houses enterprises that test renewable
energy technologies on the cusp of commercializaon. Major
milestones in OTEC were achieved at NELHA in the 1980s and
‘90s, including a 1-MW oang OTEC pilot plant, Mini-OTEC
(the world’s rst demonstraon of net power output from a
closed-cycle plant) and other demonstraons in both open- and
closed-cycle OTEC.
NELHA’s cold seawater supply pipes are the deepest large-
diameter pipelines in the world’s oceans, extending to 2,000-
foot depths; providing a temperature variance between 6°C
(43°F) at lower depths to 24° – 28.5°C (75° – 83°F) near the
surface. The laboratory’s locaon, with access to both warm surface water and cold deep ocean water, makes it a
prime site for OTEC R&D. Presently, Makai Ocean Engineering is operang a heat exchanger test facility at NELHA,
tesng components and materials. A 100-kilowa (kW) OTEC generator has been added to the test facility and
became operaonal in August 2015. A 1-megawa (MW) OTEC demonstraon facility at NELHA is in the planning
stages and power plants up to 100 MW in capacity have been proposed for locaons o Oahu.
OTEC Pilot Project, Keahole Point, Kona
TIDAL POWER
Hawaii’s lack of extreme dal shis has thus far discouraged the deployment of demonstraon projects to convert
dal shis to electrical energy.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATONS
Ocean and marine energy generaon projects have the potenal for signicant ecological, recreaonal, commercial,
and other impacts. Any proposed projects with potenal to impact Hawaii’s ocean waters and uses will undergo
intense regulatory and community scruny to ensure conservaon of the impacted species and ecologies, protecon
of commercial and recreaonal ocean uses, and safeguards in case of unintended releases (water or equipment
detached from seaoor).
31 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC COMPANIES DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES PROGRAMS
As of 5/15/18
NEM CGS CSS GSP ISE SIA FIT
OAHU/HECO
Total # Applicaons Executed
(Cumulave - from incepon to
date) 48,061 2,761 324 - - 318 110
Total Rated Capacity (MW) 324.30 20.17 2.00 - - 84.87 29.85
MAUI/MECO
Total # Applicaons Executed
(Cumulave - from incepon to
date) 11,034 475 87 - - 42 36
Total Rated Capacity (MW) 83.38 3.94 0.58 - - 16.77 4.93
MOLOKAI/MECO
Total # Applicaons Executed
(Cumulave - from incepon to
date)
406 - - - - - 1
Total Rated Capacity (MW) 2.21 - - - - - 0.03
LANAI/MECO
Total # Applicaons Executed
(Cumulave - from incepon to
date)
119 - - - - 1 -
Total Rated Capacity (MW) 1 - - - - 1 -
HAWAII ISLAND/HELCO
Total # Applicaons Executed
(Cumulave - from incepon to
date) 11,136 781 139 - - 48 16
Total Rated Capacity (MW) 73.29 5.59 1.01 - - 15.43 2.51
Procurement Codes
Code Denion
NEM Net Energy Metering
CGS Customer Grid Supply
CSS Customer Self Supply
GSP Customer Grid Supply Plus
ISE Interim Smart Export
SIA Standard Interconnecon Agreement
FIT Feed-In Tari
Solar
Due to Hawaii’s high-electricity prices, abundant solar resource, and progressive energy policies, the state has
experienced unprecedented growth in solar generaon. In recent years solar has become the primary renewable
energy resource in Hawaii. Most of solar generaon is provided by distributed PV systems. Largely incenvized by tax
credits and the ulies’ distributed energy resource programs , distributed PV has grown signicantly.
32 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
KIUC DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES PROGRAMS
As of 12/31/2017
KIUC NEM NEM Pilot Schedule Q
Total Systems (executed) 171 154 3,951
Rated Capacity (MW) 0.72 3.44 20.63
Source: KIUC Annual NEM/Schedule Q Report
Currently only Schedule Q Modied is available to KIUC customers who own (or lease from a third party) a Qualifying
Facility as described in PUC’s Administrave Rules, Chapter 74 of Title 6, Subchapter 2; which requires the primary
energy source of the facility to be biomass, waste, renewable resources, solar, wind, geothermal, or a combinaon
thereof, and more than seventy-ve per cent of the total energy input shall be from these sources. Under KIUC’s
Schedule Q Modied Tari:
• Customers have the choice (1) to not sell electricity to KIUC, or (2) to sell excess energy to KIUC.
• If a customer chooses to sell electricity to KIUC they are charged a monthly metering charge (i.e. single-phase
customers - $24.75/month).
• The rate that KIUC pays parcipants for electricity changes monthly and reects the amount KIUC would have
had to pay to generate the power if they didn’t buy it from the customer (“avoided cost”). As more
renewables come on line, the amount paid under Schedule Q is expected to drop.
SCHEDULE Q MODIFIED
Solar
Beyond distributed PV the state has pursued ulity-scale PV projects, some of these projects include:
• In January 2017, HECO brought the EE Waianae Solar (27 MWac PV) project into service. Eurus will sell power
to HECO at about 14.5 cents per kWh.
• KIUC partnered with SolarCity to develop a 13 MWac PV system with a 13 MW / 52 MWh Tesla Powerpack
lithium-ion baery energy storage system. SolarCity will sell power to KIUC at 13.9 cents per KWh. Operaons
began in 2017.
• KIUC partnered with the AES Corporaon to develop a 28 MWac PV
system with a 28 MW / 100 MWh baery energy storage system.
This system will sell power to KIUC at about 11 cents per kWh.
Construcon is expected to start in October 2017 and the facility is
expected to be operaonal by October 2018.
• The Navy is proposing to lease land to a developer for the
development of a ulity-scale PV and baery energy storage
system at the Pacic Missile Range Facility at Barking Sands on
Kauai. The PV system would generate up to 44 MWdc.
33 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Solar
Some of Hawaii’s acve ulity-scale PV systems
Project Name Capacity Island Locaon
Cyanotech Solar Array 500 kW Hawaii Kailua-Kona
Kapaa Solar Project 1 MW Kauai Kapaa
KRS1 Anahola Solar Farm 12 MWac Kauai Anahola
KRS2 Koloa Solar Farm 12 MWac Kauai Koloa
MP2 Kaneshiro Solar Project 300 kW Kauai Lawai
Port Allen Solar Facility 6 MW Kauai Eleele
SolarCity + Tesla Solar Project
13 MWac / 17
MWdc
Kauai Lihue
Waimea Research Center PV Facility 250 kW Kauai Waimea Research Center
Wilcox Memorial Hospital Solar Photovoltaic
Farm
500 kW Kauai Lihue
La Ola Solar Farm 1.2 MWac Lanai Lanai City
Aloha Solar Energy Fund I Solar Project 5 MWac / 6.2 MWdc Oahu Nanakuli
Dole Plantaon Solar Array 500 kW Oahu Wahiawa
EE Waianae Solar 27.6 MWac Oahu Waianae
Hawaii FIT Forty, LLC 570 kWdc Oahu Waianae
Hawaii FIT Two 596.7 kWdc Oahu Waianae
Kahumana PV 245 Kw Oahu Waianae
Kalaeloa Renewable Energy Park 5 MW Oahu Kalaeloa
Kalaeloa Solar Power II 5 MW Oahu Kalaeloa
Kapolei Sustainable Energy Park 1 MW Oahu Kapolei
Pearl City Peninsula PV 1.23 MW Oahu Pearl Harbor
UH West Oahu Solar PV System 500 kW Oahu Kapolei
Waianae PV-2 Solar Farm 500 kW Oahu Waianae
Waihonu North Solar Farm 5 MW Oahu Mililani
Waihonu South Solar Farm 1.5 MW Oahu Mililani
Waipio Solar Facility
11 MWac / 14.3
MWdc
Oahu
Joint Base Pearl Harbor-
Hickam
Source: Hawaii State Energy Oce, Renewable Energy Projects Directory
Wind
34 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Humans have been harnessing wind energy for centuries. In Hawaii, the rst wind farm was built in the 1980’s by
Hawaiian Electric Company (HECO) in Kahuku, Oahu: a 9 megawa (MW) wind farm that was later supplemented by
a 3.2 MW wind turbine at the same locaon, the 360-. MOD-5-B, which was then the world's largest horizontal axis
wind turbine. The Kahuku wind farm experienced winds that were more turbulent than expected and mechanical
problems with the rst-generaon turbines resulted in low energy producon. In the mid-1980s, Maui Electric
Company (MECO) hosted a 340 kilowa (kW) wind turbine demonstraon unit for several years at its Maalaea facility
and operated it unl the end of its useful life .
Wind energy is Hawaii’s second most ulized renewable energy
resource behind distributed solar, accounng for the following in
2017 (2017 Renewable Porolio Standard Status Reports):
• 21% of Hawaii’s total renewable energy porolio
• 5.8% of the State’s overall energy use
• 2.9% of Oahu’s energy use
• 21.1% of Maui’s energy use
• 10.5% of Hawaii island’s energy use
Kaheawa Wind Power I, 30 MW, Maui
Project Name
Year
Installed
Island Developer
Capacity
(MW)
Site
Acres
Acres per
MW
Hawi Renewable Development 2006 Hawaii Hawi Renewables 10.5 250 23.8
Kaheawa I Wind Farm 2006 Maui
First Wind, SunEdison
(now TerraForm Power)
30 200 6.7
Pakini Nui Wind Farm 2007 Hawaii
Tawhiri Power, Apollo
Energy Corp.
20.5 67 3.3
Kahuku Wind Farm 2011 Oahu
First Wind, SunEdison
(now TerraForm Power)
30 578 19.3
Kawailoa Wind Farm 2012 Oahu
First Wind, SunEdison
(now D.E. Shaw)
69 650 9.4
Kaheawa II Wind Farm 2012 Maui
First Wind, SunEdison
(now TerraForm Power)
21 143 6.8
Auwahi Wind 2012 Maui Sempra Generaon 21 68 3.2
Lalamilo Wind Farm 2016 Hawaii County of Hawaii 3.3 126 38.1
Na Pua Makani
Under
review
Oahu
Champlin Hawaii Wind
Holdings
24 46 1.9
Source: Hawaii State Energy Oce, Renewable Energy Projects Directory
CURRENT PRODUCTION
There are currently eight exisng ulity-scale wind energy projects in Hawaii located on the islands of Oahu, Maui,
and Hawaii. No wind farms exist on Kauai, largely due to Kauai’s protected seabird populaons. In addion, other
large-scale ulity wind projects have been proposed or are now under development, including the 24 MW Na Pua
Makani Wind Farm in Kahuku, Oahu, which could consist of up to eight to 10 new turbines. There are also numerous
smaller, distributed wind turbines (up to 100 kW) currently in operaon throughout Hawaii.
35 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Wind
WIND POTENTIAL IN HAWAII
Hawaii has one of the most robust and consistent wind regimes in the world, with capacity factors exceeding those
commonly found elsewhere. In 2011, the U.S. Energy Informaon Administraon (EIA) esmated the capacity factor
of the Pakini Nui Wind Farm on the Big Island at 65%, Kaheawa Wind Power I on Maui at 47%, and the Hawi
Renewables Wind Farm on the Big Island at 45%. Hawaii’s strong wind regime and aggressive renewable energy goals
are reected by the amount of wind power Hawaii’s electrical ulies plan to integrate into their respecve grids by
the year 2045. The Hawaiian Electric Companies’ Power Supply Improvement Plan (PSIP) Update Report: December
2016 plans for up to an addional 64 megawas (MW) of onshore wind on Oahu by the year 2045, and up to 200 to
800 MW of oshore wind of Oahu by 2045. The Hawaiian Electric Companies plan for between 42 MW to 150 MW of
new onshore wind on Maui by 2045, up to 5 MW of new wind on Molokai by 2020, and up to 102 MW of addional
wind on Hawaii Island. The current plan esmates this amount of wind, in combinaon of many other types of
renewable energy, could be needed to get Hawaii to 100% renewable energy by the year 2045. This plan is subject to
stakeholder review and approval by the Hawaii Public Ulies Commission and does not guarantee any of the
proposed MW will be installed, but they do provide opons for planning consideraon.
CHALLENGES FACING WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN HAWAII
• The presence of protected or endangered birds or bats, plant species, or crical habitats in or around the project
site will signicantly impact the sing, development, and operaon of wind projects in Hawaii. Signicant
ecological monitoring is required early in the project sing phase. The appropriate regulaon of certain species
with less available data, such as the Hawaiian Hoary Bat, is
evolving as regulators and wind developers connue to beer
understand the species and the measures available to limit their
harm. Completed and upcoming research on the Hawaiian
Hoary Bat by the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural
Resources and the U.S. Geological Survey will help inform all
stakeholders. The increased level of ecological monitoring
required for proposed and exisng wind farms in Hawaii has
also expanded the amount of informaon available on the
impacted species and habitats.
• Given the size of large-scale wind turbines and limited sites
suitable for wind development in Hawaii, visual and cultural
impacts must be thoroughly idened and assessed early in the project sing phase. Developers ought to work
closely with local communies early in the process to idenfy important community resources and values, which
are core to the appropriateness of project sing. View planes are valued by local residents and the tourism
industry, and are valued by Nave Hawaiian religion praconers to communicate between sites of cultural
signicance. Developers must account for day and night visuals, including warning lights required for aviaon
safety.
• Hawaii topography and infrastructure can make on-land transport of large wind equipment dicult in certain
areas. Roadwork may be required in some cases, as well as roadway shutdowns and other approvals. Temporary
storage of large equipment can also be challenging.
• The intermient nature of Hawaii’s wind resource can make integraon into the electrical grid a challenge.
Migaon measures, such as forecasng, controls, and improved communicaon technologies can help migate
some of these concerns. Storage technologies are also being deployed with increased regulatory to help
integrate wind power more smoothly into the electrical grid.
36 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Wind
OFFSHORE WIND
In response to an invitaon from then-Gov. Neil Abercrombie, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), in
2011-2012, established the BOEM/Hawaii Intergovernmental Renewable Energy Task Force to promote planning and
coordinaon, and to facilitate eecve and ecient review of requests for commercial and research seaoor leases
and right-of-way grants for power cables on the federal outer connental shelf (OCS), which begins three naucal
miles oshore Hawaii. Members of the Task Force, whose meengs and maers are open to the public, include
representaves of federal, state, and local government agencies.
Aenon to oshore wind in Hawaii has increased following noce of mulple unsolicited applicaons received by
BOEM for seaoor lease applicaons for wind farms o-shore of Oahu; currently, sll undergoing BOEM review.
Mulple public meengs were conducted in 2016, with community members and other stakeholders voicing
concerns, recommendaons, and other opinions about the prospect of wind turbines o of Oahu’s South and
Northwest shores. In its last update, BOEM noed its Hawaii Task Members it is sll working to determine whether
an area oshore Oahu is suitable for commercial wind leasing. BOEM’s determinaon is sll pending.
37 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Renewable Energy Resources
The Renewable Energy Projects Directory is an interacve map of exisng and proposed renewable energy projects
statewide, showcasing the variety of renewable energy resources that are moving the state closer to reaching energy
independence. The Directory also serves to inform all stakeholders of planned and exisng renewable energy
projects of interest.
>> hp://energy.ehawaii.gov/epd/public/energy-projects-map.html
Perming any large project in Hawaii, including a ulity-scale renewable energy project, requires a thorough
understanding of local processes, issues, and stakeholders. The development of numerous large-scale renewable
energy projects over the last ten years has provided community members, regulators, and developers a more
informed opinion of future projects in terms of potenal benets and impacts. With some of the more desirable
locaons now developed or otherwise not available, appropriate project sing and regulaon will remain a challenge
moving forward.
Some strategies to support the sing and perming of renewable energy projects in Hawaii:
• Know the requirements and processes - retain professionals with experience in Hawaii.
• Review past studies/permits (EIS) for the site - where available, lessons learned from earlier eorts can provide a
wealth of informaon.
• Meaningful community parcipaon - engage public early in the project sing and design process.
• Idenfy the appropriate community contacts - seek out community members with knowledge of the area.
• Engage all stakeholders - idenfy and address all stakeholders and issues early in the process.
• Site projects appropriately - seek compable areas to minimize environmental impacts.
• Be diligent - go slow in the beginning to go fast in the end.
• One submial/one review - present agencies with well-planned projects, complete applicaons.
• Electronic permit processing - saves me, reduces back and forth, transparency, tracking.
The tools described below provide informaon on these topics, as well as guidance to assist appropriate project
sing and due diligence. These tools also seek to lower project “so” costs by reducing the resources needed to
undergo the perming processes without removing any of the environmental or community safeguard processes in
place. Many local federal, state, and county agencies contributed to the development to these tools.
The Hawaii State Energy Oce’s interacve Developer & Investor Center and Self-Help Suite provide comprehensive
informaon on the sing, perming, and development of renewable energy facilies in Hawaii. The Energy Oce
aims to regularly update these resources as requirements, policies, and procedures change. The Center focuses on
perming assistance through its Project Perming Assistance and Resources website, which also provides a permit
Guidebook and individual briefs on numerous county, state, and federal permit processes.
>> hp://energy.hawaii.gov/developer-investor
In addion to these resources, the Center provides lists of environmental consultants familiar with planning and
perming in Hawaii. While not exhausve, this list idenes numerous rms with experience perming and sing
renewable energy projects in Hawaii.
>> hp://energy.hawaii.gov/developer-investor/project-perming-assistance-and-resources
RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS DIRECTORY
The Perming Wizard was developed to help those proposing renewable energy projects understand the county,
state, and federal permits that may be required for their individual projects. Aer answering a series of quesons
about their proposed project, a Permit Plan for the project is produced, idenfying the permits required,
prerequisites approvals and recommended sequencing, and esmated me of issuance. Soware upgrades and
content updates to the Wizard were last completed by the Hawaii State Energy Oce in 2015, however, the Energy
Oce seeks to update the Wizard content periodically.
>> hp://wizard.hawaiicleanenergyiniave.org/
PERMITTING
DEVELOPER & INVESTOR CENTER, SELF-HELP SUITE (HAWAII STATE ENERGY OFFICE)
RENEWABLE ENERGY PERMITTING WIZARD (HAWAII STATE ENERGY OFFICE)
38 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
HAWAII CLEAN ENERGY PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (U.S. DEPARTMENT
OF ENERGY)
In September 2015, the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) published the Hawaii Clean Energy Final Programmac
Environmental Impact Statement which assesses common impacts and best management pracces associated with
31 clean energy technologies.
>> hp://energy.hawaii.gov/testbeds-iniaves/hawaii-clean-energy-peis/peis-overview
ELECTRONIC PERMITTING
Electronic perming is another eecve method of streamlining the permit review process without removing any of
the environmental or community safeguards in place. Some examples of state and county agencies in Hawaii ulizing
electronic perming include:
ONLINE PERMITTING (DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES - DLNR)
In late 2016, DLNR launched new electronic permit and asset management tools for DLNR’s Engineering Division and
Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Nave Invertebrates Program. These resources are designed to support the
electronic submission, processing, and issuance of select DLNR permits.
>> hps://inforps-dp.hawaii.gov/DLNRInvPerming/#/login
>> hps://inforps-dp.hawaii.gov/IPSDynamicPortal-DLNRENG/Views/Login.aspx
Renewable EnerGIS provides renewable energy resource and site informaon for specic Hawaii locaons selected
by the user. EnerGIS helps users understand the renewable energy potenal and perming requirements for
specic selected sites.
>> hp://energy.hawaii.gov/resources/renewable-energis-map
RENEWABLE ENERGIS MAPPING TOOL (HAWAII STATE ENERGY OFFICE, OFFICE OF PLANNING)
The DOH Environmental Health Administraon (EHA) e-Perming Portal provides access to environmental permit
applicaons. e-Perming allows for ecient and accurate electronic applicaon compilaon and submission,
tracking, processing, management, and fee payment.
>> hps://eha-cloud.doh.hawaii.gov/epermit/
E-PERMITTING PORTAL (HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH - DOH)
Oahu’s Department of Planning and Perming website provides for the electronic submission and processing of
building permits required for residenal solar heang, photovoltaic, and electric vehicle charger installaons in the
City and County of Honolulu. Building Permit status can also be monitored online.
>> hp://www.honoluludpp.org
ONLINE BUILDING PERMITS (CITY AND COUNTY OF HONOLULU - CCH)
Kauai's Department of Public Works, Building Division, oers online tools to submit building permits electronically
(Electronic Plan Review or "ePlan") and get informaon on Building Permit status, details, and other relevant
informaon.
>> hp://www.kauai.gov/EPR
ELECTRONIC PLAN REVIEW (EPLAN) AND BUILDING PERMIT STATUS (COUNTY OF KAUAI)
Renewable Energy Resources
Energy Systems and Planning
Smart Grid
• Residenal and commercial building energy management systems may become even more eecve when
connected to a ulity-wide smart grid.
• Over 500,000 housing units and condos,
13
and tens of thousands of commercial and government buildings
statewide, can take advantage of smart grid technologies.
On March 31, 2016, the Hawaiian Electric Companies led an applicaon with the Public Ulies Commission (Docket
No. 2016-0087) requesng approval to commit funds and recover costs for a Smart Grid Foundaon (SGF) Project.
The purpose of the SGF Project is to implement the inial Smart Grid capabilies that will serve as the plaorm to
support not only immediate customer benets, but also as the cornerstone for addional projects that can expand
customer opons, such as opmizing the integraon of distributed energy resources (“DER”), implemenng demand
response (“DR”), me-of-use (“TOU”) rates and real-me-pricing (“RTP”), and increasing reliability through
distribuon automaon (“DA”).
14
The SGF project concluded with PUC order 34281, which dismissed the applicaon
and directed the HECO companies to submit a detailed, scenario-based grid modernizaon strategy for each ulity.
As updated in PUC order 34436, a dra was submied for stakeholder review and comment by June 30, 2017 and on
August 29, 2017, a nal grid modernizaon strategy was submied. Through order 35268 the PUC directed the
Companies to implement the strategy, subject to the direcves, condions, and guidance contained in the order and
closed the docket.
39 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Planning for a 100 percent clean energy future in the electricity sector involves studying and analyzing the needs and
technological developments that will be necessary to fully complete the transion. Balancing electricity demand and
available generaon becomes increasingly challenging as intermient renewable energy in the energy resource mix
grows. At higher levels of renewable energy penetraon, soluons will need to be found to ensure reliability and
resilience at a reasonable cost. Smart grids, electric vehicles, demand response, energy storage, and rapidly evolving
technologies all represent possible contribuons to tackling the challenges ahead that should be thoroughly
examined and planned for on the path to independence from imported fossil fuels.
Renewable Porolio Standards (RPS) milestones
10
12/31/2020 30% 12/31/2030 40%
12/31/2040 70% 12/31/2045 100%
WHAT IS SMART GRID
11
The electric “grid” is a network of transmission and distribuon lines, substaons, transformers and more that deliver
electricity from power plants to homes and businesses. It’s what electric lights and appliances are plugged into. A
“smart grid” is one that has more automac sensors, controls, energy storage, and intelligent systems to beer
manage the complexity of constantly uctuang demand and producon of electricity eciently and cost-eecvely.
Some common “smart grid” components are:
• Smart (“Advanced”) Metering Infrastructure
- Provide mely and detailed energy use informaon for customers
- Allow for me variant rates
• DERMS (Distributed Energy Resource Management Systems)
- Monitor condions in real me
- Improved forecasng of intermient resources
- Increased control and integraon of Distributed Energy Resources
• Energy Storage (baeries, capacitors, ywheels, pumped hydro, hydrogen)
- Supports increased renewable energy penetraon
- Stabilize the grid by condioning power and smoothing uctuaons
• Demand Response (managing electricity use in response to available supply)
• U.S. Department of Energy gave $3.4 billion in grants for smart grid projects and grid upgrades in recent years
12
POTENTIAL MARKET IN HAWAII
40 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Clean Transportation
Hawaii’s transformaon to a clean energy economy requires the integraon of transportaon. In tackling
transportaon HSEO has a near-term focus in ground transportaon and maintains a long-term perspecve that
includes alternaves fuels and eciency in aviaon and marine transportaon. To reduce Hawaii’s consumpon of
petroleum within the ground transportaon sector, HSEO is looking at plug-in electric vehicles (EV) as well as other
alternave transportaon soluons to address the challenges of modernizing our energy system and building a clean
transportaon future.
Performance metrics are an important means of quantavely evaluang progress and specically, the advancement
of clean transportaon strategies and policies. As HSEO connues to expand its assessment of clean transportaon
in Hawaii, it will incorporate additional clean transportation facts and figures.
HAWAII’S CLEAN TRANSPORTATION LAWS AND PROCLAMATIONS
Hawaii’s clean transportaon policies are now at the forefront of the legislave agenda in Hawaii.
• HRS §226-18(a)(2) - Hawaii State Planning Act; Objecves and policies for facility systems – energy. Increased
energy security and self-suciency through the reducon and ulmate eliminaon of Hawaii's dependence on
imported fuels for electrical generaon and ground transportaon;
• HRS §103D-412 - Hawaii's vehicle procurement guidelines require State and County agencies to follow a
hierarchy when leasing or purchasing light-duty motor vehicles that are not covered by federal procurement
rules: (1) EV or PHEV; (2) Hydrogen FCEV; (3) Alternave fuel vehicle; (4) Hybrid; (5) Fuel economy leader
• HRS §225P-3 - Hawaii climate change migaon and adaptaon commission; general funcons, dues, and
powers aligning Hawaii with the goals of the Paris Agreement.
• City and County of Honolulu, Maui County, Hawaii County, and Kauai County commied to eliminate fossil fuels
use within ground transportaon by 2045 – mirroring the 100% RPS me frame for the electric sector. Notably
the City and County of Honolulu, Maui County and Kauai County pledged to lead the way by transioning all of
their eet vehicles to 100% clean energy by 2035.
The graph below reects Hawaii’s average annual vehicle miles traveled per registered vehicle
15
:
VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED
Clean Transportation
41 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
BICYCLING
Hawaii 2016 Travel to Work
US Census Bureau's American Community Survey
16
Title Percentage Hawaii Naonal Rank
Mean travel me to work of workers 16 years and over who
did not work at home (minutes)
27.7 11
Percent of workers 16 years and over who traveled to work by
car, truck, or van – drove alone
66.9 49
Percent of workers 16 years and over who traveled to work by
car, truck, or van – carpooled
13.6 1
Percent of workers 16 years and over who traveled to work by
public transportaon
6.7 7
County 2017 County Transit Passenger Ridership
City & County Honolulu 66,857,810
Maui 1,879,072
Kauai 710,129
Hawaii 766,472
County Transit Ridership
Bicycling signicantly reduces transportaon emissions while also reducing trac. Alternave forms of
transportaon such as bicycling is a means by which to decarbonize the transportaon sector by reducing demand
for energy as opposed to shiing transportaon energy demand to a renewable fuel source such as biofuels or
renewable electricity.
Bicycle Transit System
Biki is Honolulu’s bicycle transit system launched by Bikeshare Hawaii in
June 2017. Bikeshare Hawaii benets Hawaii residents and visitors by
providing a low-cost, convenient, zero emissions transportaon opon that is
healthy for users, the community, and the environment.
17
Biki currently has
1,000 bikes, 100 self-service “Biki Stops” from Chinatown to Diamond Head,
roughly 6,000 Biki members, and averaging 66,000 rides per month.
Clean Transportation
42 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
County Miles of Bike Lanes
18
(including protected bike lanes, bike
paths, bike routes, and shared roads)
Bike Laws
Oahu 147 Miles
A comprehensive list of City & County of Honolulu
bicycle regulaons can be found here:
hps://www.hbl.org/bikelaws/
Maui 60.4 miles
A comprehensive list of Maui county bicycle
regulaons can be found here:
hps://www.mauibike.org/hawaii-bicycle-laws/
Hawaii 27.4 miles A comprehensive list of County of Hawaii bicycle
regulaons can be found here:
hps://hilo.hawaii.edu/campusinfo/
BikeGuidelines.php
Kauai 31.7 miles
Bicycle Lanes and Laws
Electric Vehicles
43 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
An EV uses electricity in place of gasoline, reducing the need for petroleum-based fuel as the electric sector
connues on the path towards 100% RPS. Since EVs can use electricity produced from renewable resources available
in Hawaii (i.e. sun, wind, hydropower, ocean energy, geothermal energy), the transion from gasoline fueled vehicles
to EVs supports Hawaii’s energy independence goals.
Based on statewide averages, the amount of fossil fuel used to power an electric vehicle in Hawaii is 34%-40% less
than the fossil fuel required to power a similar gasoline-fueled vehicle.
19
This is expected to improve as renewable
energy increases in Hawaii.
Registered EVs
20
and Public Charging Staons
21
in Hawaii
Fuel Cost Comparison
Fuel cost comparisons show approximate savings between internal combuson engine and electric vehicles. The
example above shows that fuel costs are lower for the Nissan LEAF than for a comparable gasoline fueled vehicle.
County Electric
Vehicles
Level 2
22
Charging Staon
Ports
Level 3
23
Charging Staon
Ports
Total Ports
Oahu 5,582 334 12 346
Maui 875 80 45 125
Molokai 26 0 0 0
Lanai 39 2 0 2
Hawaii 366 53 5 58
Kauai 246 38 1 39
Total statewide 7,134 507 63 570
EV Trends in Hawaii 2014-2018
EVs have seen a 200% increase since May 2014 and EV charging infrastructure has increased by 38.7%.
Vehicle 2018
Nissan Versa
2018
Honda Civic
2018
Nissan LEAF
24
Fuel Type Gasoline Gasoline Electricity
Miles Per Gallon
(MPG)
35 mpg combined
378 miles total range
37 mpg combined
458.8 miles total range
112 combined MPG
151 miles total range
Fuel Costs $3.56/gallon $3.56/gallon Residenal Electricity
Rate:
$0.31/kWh
25
Schedule TOU-RI
for mid-day EV
Charging:
$ 0.128/kWh
26
Fuel Cost per
Year
27
$962.73 $910.69 $776.23 $320.51
44 | DBEDT Hawaii State Energy Oce |Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, June 2018
Electric Vehicles
HAWAII’S ELECTRIC VEHICLE LAWS AND INCENTIVES
· Free parking is provided in state and county government lots, facilies, and at parking meters.
· Vehicles with EV license plates are exempt from High Occupancy Vehicle lane restricons.
· Parking lots with at least 100 public parking spaces are required to have at least one parking space, equipped with
an EV charging system, reserved exclusively for EVs.
· Non-EVs parked in a space designated and marked as reserved for EVs shall be ned not less than $50 nor more
than $100.
· Hawaiian Electric Co. oer EV Time of Use Rates designed to incenvize customers, through lower rates, to charge
their EVs during o-peak mes of day.
· Mul-family residenal dwellings or townhomes cannot prohibit the placement or use of EV charging systems
altogether.
For more informaon about state and federal laws and incenves, visit energy.hawaii.gov/testbeds-iniaves/ev-
ready-program/laws-incenves.
EV STATIONS HAWAII
The Hawaii State Energy Oce developed a mobile app designed to help drivers locate
publicly available EV charging staons statewide. EV Staons Hawaii helps drivers pinpoint
charging staons as well as provide detailed informaon of the staon giving them the
condence that they can recharge while on the road. The free app is available for Apple
and Android smartphones and mobile devices.
energy.hawaii.gov/testbeds-iniaves/ev-ready-program/ev-staons-hawaii-mobile-app
EV QUICK FACTS
Hawaii ranks fourth in the naon behind California,
Washington and Oregon of total EV sales.
One percentage of total state sales
28
In 2016, Hawaii had the second highest concentraon of EVs
in the naon.
Hawaii had nearly four EVs per 1,000 people fol-
lowed by Washington and Oregon with about
three EVs per 1,000 people. California had the
highest concentraon of EVs with 6.65 PEVs per
1,000 people.
29
Cost for a government or commercial property owner to
install a Level 2 charging staon.
Approximately $4,000-$8,000 per staon.
A relavely simple project in Hawaii can range
from $4,000 to $25,000 to $100,000; however,
prices vary considerably.
30
Endnotes
1
U.S. Energy Informaon Administraon, “1990-2015 Net Generaon by State by Type of Producer by Energy Source
(EIA-906, EIA-920, EIA-923)”, hp://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/
2
DBEDT’s Monthly Energy Trends, hp://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/data_reports/energy-trends/
3
Volumes. Source: Energy Informaon Administraon, State Energy Data System
4
DBEDT’s Monthly Energy Trends, hp://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/data_reports/energy-trends-2/
5
DBEDT’s Monthly Energy Trends, hp://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/data_reports/energy-trends-2
6
1 barrel = 42 U.S. gallons
7
DBEDT’s Monthly Energy Trends, hp://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/data_reports/energy-trends-2/
8
Electricity: hp://www.eia.gov/state/rankings/#/series/31 (last accessed 5/17/17); natural gas: hp://www.eia.gov/
state/rankings/#/series/28 (last accessed 5/17/17)
9
DBEDT’s Monthly Energy Trends, hp://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/data_reports/energy-trends-2/
10
Chapter 269-91 et. seq., Hawaii Revised Statutes. hp://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol05_Ch0261-0319/
HRS0269/HRS_0269-0092.htm
11
SmartGrid.gov: hp://www.smartgrid.gov/the_smart_grid
12
RECOVERY ACT: SMART GRID DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM (SGDP):hps://energy.gov/oe/informaon-center/
recovery-act-smart-grid-demonstraon-program-sgdp
13
Hawaii Data Book: hp://les.hawaii.gov/dbedt/economic/databook/db2015/secon01.pdf
14
Hawaiian Electric Companies. Docket No. 2016-0087, Approval for Smart Grid Foundaon Project. March 31, 2016
15
hp://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/databook/2016-individual/_18/
16
hp://census.hawaii.gov/acs/acs-2016/; hp://les.hawaii.gov/dbedt/census/acs/ACS2016/ACS2016_1_Year/
state_rank/2016_acs_1yr_sumranktab_nal.pdf
17
hps://gobiki.org/about-us/
18
hps://www.honolulu.gov/bicycle
hp://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/les/2013/02/Bike-Plan-appendixc.pdf
hps://www.kauai.gov/Portals/0/PW_Bldg/BikePathProject/Arcles/Bike_path_overview.pdf?ver=2015-04-20-
160259-343
19
Level 3, also known as “fast charging,” can provide an 80% charge for some vehicles in less than 30 minutes, de-
pending on vehicle and charger specicaons. Not all vehicles can use fast charging
20
EV gures updated DBEDT monthly energy trends (May 2018) hp://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/energy-trends-2/
21
EV Staons Hawaii app (hp://energy.hawaii.gov/testbeds-iniaves/ev-ready-program/ev-staons-hawaii-mobile-
app)
22
Level 2 charging is at 240 volts. All electric vehicles are equipped for this type of charging. A “charger” can have one
or more ports. The number of “ports” determines how many vehicles each charger can service at a me. One “port”
can service one vehicle
23
Level 3, also known as “fast charging,” can provide an 80% charge for some vehicles in less than 30 minutes, de-
pending on vehicle and charger specicaons. Not all vehicles can use fast charging
24
Fuel cost comparisons show approximate savings between internal combuson engine and electric vehicles. The
example shows that fuel costs are lower for the Nissan Leaf than for a comparable gasoline fueled vehicle. 2018
Nissan Leaf: 40 kWh baery; 3.78 kWh per mile
25
Electricity rate based on Schedule R - Residenal Service rate for Dec. 2017 was 31.03 cents. Source: Monthly
Energy Trend, READ, DBEDT hp://les.hawaii.gov/dbedt/economic/data_reports/energy-trends/Energy_Trend.pdf
26
Electricity rate based on Schedule TOU-RI Mid-Peak or Midday Rate (Residenal Rate - $0.12). Source: HECO
Website: hps://www.hawaiianelectric.com/Documents/my_account/rates/hawaiian_electric_rates/
heco_rates_tou_ri.pdf
27
Based on fuel prices and 9,465 annual miles per year from Hawaii State Data Book. hp://dbedt.hawaii.gov/
economic/databook/. Figure does not include operaons and maintenance costs, which are generally shown to be
lower for electric vehicle ownership
28
hps://autoalliance.org/economy/consumer-choice/electric-vehicles/HI/
Addional informaon is also available at: hps://autoalliance.org/energy-environment/advanced-technology-
vehicle-sales-dashboard/
29
hps://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/arcles/fotw-1004-november-20-2017-california-had-highest-concentraon
-plug-vehicles
30
Hawaii State Energy Oce, Report to the Maui Electric Vehicle Alliance Driving EVs Forward: A Case Study of the
Market Introducon and Deployment of the EV in Hawaii (PDF) hp://energy.hawaii.gov/wp-content/
uploads/2011/10/ReportMauiElectricVehicleAlliance_12_20_12.pdf
