Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) Citation Style

Chicago Manual

of Style (CMS)

Citation Style

Workshop

Agenda

CMS’s use of superscripts and

footnotes

Quoting and paraphrasing

Bibliography format and entries

Why might researchers use

citation/formatting styles?

✔ Avoids plagiarism

✔ Connects information in the text to the

reference list

✔ Contextualizes information via the author

names, publication years, or the source type

(journal, magazine, newspaper, social media

feed, etc.)

✔ Standardizes how information is communicated

between researchers and audiences (i.e. section

organization of an article, presentation of

outside sources, etc.)

Characteristics of CMS Style

► Typically used in humanities

► Avoids informal language (e.g. slang,

colloquialisms, contractions, etc.)

► Avoids second person pronouns and

the editorial “we”

► Uses concise language

► Uses active voice

► Superscripts are used (For Notes-

Bibliography Style)

► Footnotes are placed at the bottom

of pages that correlate to superscript

► May have an endnotes page

When does information

get cited?

► Direct quote is used from a source

► Paraphrasing or summarizing

information/ideas from another

source

► Presenting specific facts, figures,

or ideas

What does a Direct

Quotation Include?

Direct quotations always:

► Use a source's exact wording

► Include quotation marks

► Include a citation (superscript at the

end of the quote or author-date in-text)

Direct quotations should usually:

► Have a signal phrase as an introduction

► Provide an explanation or analysis

afterward

► *not start or end a paragraph or

sentence

Signal Phrases

Explanation

❖ comments

❖ clarifies

❖ declares

❖ demonstrates

❖ describes

❖ discusses

❖ emphasizes

❖ establishes

❖ explains

❖ highlights

❖ illustrates

❖ models

❖ observes

❖ outlines

❖ posits

❖ reports

❖ shows

❖ suggests

Concession

❖ accepts

❖ acknowledges

❖ admits

❖ concedes

❖ grants

Argumentative

❖ argues

❖ asserts

❖ cautions

❖ challenges

❖ claims

❖ contends

❖ contradicts

❖ criticizes

❖ denies

❖ disagrees

❖ disputes

❖ implies

❖ insists

❖ maintains

❖ negates

❖ proposes

❖ refutes

❖ rejects

❖ urges

Agreement

❖ adds

❖ advocates

❖ affirms

❖ agrees

❖ endorses

❖ supports

❖ verifies

What does Paraphrasing

Include?

Paraphrases always:

► Rephrase source material without source

language or structure

► Are used in place of long quotes or if source

uses complex explanations

► Still use superscript and footnote citation

Paraphrases usually:

► Can use quotation marks for phrasing that isn’t

easily reworded or that was coined by an

author

► Does not require the page number in the

footnote (although it is optional)

Paraphrasing in Notes-Bib

► Direct quote:

“Differentiation as an instructional approach promotes a balance

between a student's style and a student's ability. Differentiated

instruction provides the student with options for processing and

internalizing the content, and for constructing new learning in

order to progress academically.”

► Incorrect paraphrase:

Differentiation is a way to encourage equality between the

approach and talent of the student

This type of instruction

gives

students different ways to deal with and grasp information,

and for establishing

new learning to move on in education.

► Correct Paraphrase:

Teachers use differentiated instruction to help students learn,

allowing the teacher to cater lessons to the way each student

learns and each student's skill.

(Chicago Manual of Style)

Paraphrasing in Author-Date

► Direct quote:

“Differentiation as an instructional approach promotes a balance

between a student's style and a student's ability. Differentiated

instruction provides the student with options for processing and

internalizing the content, and for constructing new learning in

order to progress academically” (Smith 2021, 30).

► Incorrect paraphrase:

Differentiation is a way to encourage equality between the

approach and talent of the student. This type of instruction gives

students different ways to deal with and grasp information, and

for establishing new learning to move on in education (Smith

2021, 30).

► Correct Paraphrase:

Teachers use differentiated instruction to help students learn,

allowing the teacher to cater lessons to the way each student

learns and each student's skill (Smith 2021, 30).

Citing Direct Quotes in NB

 Instead of in-text parentheticals, CMS Notes-

Bibliography uses superscripts

at the end of

sentences (after punctuation)

 “…end of quote.”

 According to Smith, “working in the

neuroscience field is as rewarding as it is

difficult.”

 NB still uses present tense for signal verbs

 Smith states that “working in the neuroscience

field is as rewarding as it is difficult.”

 If information is missing (dates or authors), CMS

has guidelines.

Inserting Superscript Numbers

► Type number after end punctuation

► Highlight number

► Go to Home tab, Font section, x

NB: Formatting Footnotes

► Numbered at the bottom of each page (double-click in Word),

same font size & style, in numerical order

► List every instance that you used sources in the order that

they appear in the text.

► Only one superscript number in-text, but can have multiple

citations in the footnote with that number (some fields of study

have specific rules on this)

► Indent the first line of each note half an inch from the left. Do

not indent additional lines

► Single space each note & leave one space between entries

► Use commas to separate each piece of information

► Shortened Footnote: Author last name/organization, Title,

page #

General Format:

1. First name Last name, “Title of Article,

Chapter,” Title of Book (City, State: Publisher, Year of

publication), page number.

2. Last name, "Title of Article," page number.

Superscript and Footnote

Example

Source: Purdue OWL, CMS Footnotes Guidelines

CMS Author-Date does not use superscripts or

footnotes at the bottom of pages. It uses

in-text

parentheticals.

 “…end of quote” (author, date, page #).

 According to Smith (2021), “working in the

neuroscience field is as rewarding as it is

difficult” (30).

 CMS uses present tense for signal verbs

 Smith (2021) states that “working in the

neuroscience field is as rewarding as it is

difficult” (30).

 CMS has guidelines if information (dates,

authors) is missing

Citing Direct Quotes in

Author-Date

NB Bibliography Page

The Bibliography page should:

 Begin on a new page at end of paper

 Center the title: Bibliography

 Align Source entries left-aligned with hanging indents

 Single-space entries & 1 extra space between entries

 List sources in alphabetical order by authors’ last names (if

no author, alphabetize by title or organization name)

 Separate all source information by periods

 Note: Remember to include ALL the sources cited in

writing & used to create the paper

Example Bibliography

References Page Format for

Author-Date

The Reference page should:

 Begin on a new page at end of paper

 Center the title: References

 Left-aligned with hanging indents

 Single-spaced entries with a space between entries

 Alphabetize by authors’ last names (if no author, alphabetize

by title or organization name)

 Source information is separated by periods

 A space between the author's name and year

 Note: Remember to include ALL the sources cited in paper

and ONLY the sources cited in paper

Hanging Indent

► Highlight text

► Either right click and select

"paragraph..."

o Or go to the Home tab at

the top and click the

little arrow in the lower-

right corner of the

paragraph section

► Paragraph settings box:

o Select "Special" options

box, then "Hanging"

Basic Reference/Bibliography

Formats

Journal Articles

Footnotes:

1. Author First Name Last Name, “Article Title,” Journal

Name. volume #, no. # (Month Year): specific page.

Bibliography:

Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Name

volume #, no. # (Month Year): page range.

Reference:

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. “Article Title.” Journal

Name Volume #, no. # (Publication season/Month): Page

range. DOI or URL.

Basic Reference/ Bib Formats Cont.

Online Periodicals (Electronic Source)

Footnotes:

1. Author First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Title of

Periodical volume #, no. # (Year): page number,

accessed Month Day, Year, DOI or URL.

Bibliography:

Author Last name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of

Periodical volume #, no. # (Year): page range. Accessed

Month Day, Year. DOI # or URL.

Reference:

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. “Article Title.” Title of

Periodical volume #, no. # (Month/season): page range.

DOI or URL.

Article in a Magazine or Newspaper

Footnotes:

1. Author First Name Last Name, “Article Title,” Publishing

Magazine or Newspaper, Month Day, Year, specific page.

Bibliography:

Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.”

Publishing Magazine or Newspaper, Month Day,

Year. URL or name of database.

Reference:

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. “Article Title.” Title

of Periodical, Month Day, Year. URL.

Basic Reference/ Bib Formats Cont.

Website (Electronic source)

Footnotes:

1. Author First Name Last Name, “Title of Webpage/Article,” last

modified Month Day, Year, URL

Bibliography:

Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Webpage/Article.”

Last modified Month Day, Year. URL.

Reference:

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of

Webpage/Article." Last modified Month Day, Year.

URL.

Basic Reference/ Bib Formats Cont.

Resources

The Chicago Manual of Style (17

ed.).

https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html

The OWL at Purdue University.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu

The Writing Center @ The University of Wisconsin.

http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/Documentation.html

CMU Writing Center.

http://writingcenter.cmich.edu

then: Resources > Quick Guide to CMS

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Additional

Information on

Endnotes

Formatting Endnotes

► Optional page in AD or NB

► At the end of the written work, past appendices,

before references/ bibliography

► Title is centered: Notes

► Single spaced with a space between each entry

► Listed in order of appearance

► Numbers are typed out and followed by a period

► Includes: author’s name, the title, the source or

publisher, and the date of publication. Entries from

a book or periodical must include page numbers.

► Alternative to footnotes to save space on

pages (typically requested by publisher/professor)

► Can add commentary after the citation

Basic Magazine End-Note

Format

#. Author (First then Last Name), “Title of

Article,” Publishing Magazine or

Organization, Month and Year of Publication,

page number(s).

Example:

1. Rachel Waldman, "Talking Fashion: View: Twinkle

Toes," Vogue, August 2016, 12.

Basic Newspaper End-Note

Format

#. Author (First then Last Name), “Title of

Article,” Newspaper (City, State), Mon. Day,

Year of Publication.

Example:

1. Miles Socha, “Slimane Renews With Dior for 3 Years:

Heidi Slimane to Continue with Dior Homme,”

Women’s Wear Daily (New York, NY), July 11, 2003.

Basic Website End-Note

Format

#. Author (First then Last Name), “Title of

Web Page,” Name of Website, Publishing

Organization, Month, Day, and Year of

Publication, access date, URL.

Example:

1. John Doe, “How to Make Donuts,” The Baking

Website, May 13, 2020, URL.