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expenses that would result from the “extinguishing of titles, or paying for the improvements of
the lands, or of the Removal, or of the first year’s residence of the Indians.” Other amendments
were pushed forth to aid the tribes. Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen, who was a National
Republican and a prominent anti-Removal speaker in the congressional debates, feared that the
bill would enable the President to organize a forced mass exodus of Native Americans.
Frelinghuysen proposed two new sections to be included in the bill. The hypothetical Section
Nine held that “until the said tribes or nations shall choose to remove” that they would be
protected in their possessions and land rights without interruption. Section Ten made it so that
prior to Removal or any land exchange, “the rights of any such tribes or nations in the premises,
shall be stipulated for, secured, and guarantied, by treaty or treaties, as heretofore made.” What
Frelinghuysen was attempting to accomplish was to ensure that Removal would be a voluntary
process. The amendment was a safeguard to protect the tribes from exploitative state legislatures.
After the introduction of the bill was out of the way, the debates in Congress began in
earnest in the Senate. The pro-Removal camp had the support of the Southern states as well as
the president. Democrats outnumbered their opponents in both houses of Congress. The Senate
Committee on Indian Affairs, being supposed experts of the Indian situation, had wholeheartedly
endorsed the Indian Removal Act. It looked as if everything was stacked in the favor of the
Indian Removal Act. Though the issue would largely be decided by party, some senators felt it
necessary to explain their positions and to attempt to justify the Indian Removal Act as White
did. One of the obstacles facing the proponents of the bill was the sovereignty claimed by the
Native American tribes. Indian sovereignty needed to be delegitimized, otherwise the Indian
Removal Act would be considered a violation of this sovereignty. This was one issue which the